From: Subject: General Rules for Distinguishing Truth From Error and Preserving the Faith: Excerpts from A Commonitory by St. Vincent of Lerins Date: Tue, 29 Aug 2006 12:09:37 -0500 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0005_01C6CB63.FF6D6CC0" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.2962 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0005_01C6CB63.FF6D6CC0 Content-Type: text/html; charset="utf-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/inquirers/vincent.aspx =EF=BB=BF General Rules for Distinguishing Truth From Error and = Preserving the Faith: Excerpts from A Commonitory by St. Vincent of = Lerins
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General Rules for Distinguishing Truth From Error and = Preserving=20 the Faith

Excerpts from A Commonitory by St. Vincent of=20 Lerins

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    II: A General Rule for distinguishing the Truth of the = Catholic=20 Faith from the Falsehood of Heretical Pravity

    I have often then inquired earnestly and attentively of = very many=20 men eminent for sanctity and learning, how and by what sure = and so=20 to speak universal rule I may be able to distinguish the = truth of=20 Catholic faith from the falsehood of heretical pravity; and = I have=20 always, and in almost every instance, received an answer to = this=20 effect: That whether I or any one else should wish to detect = the=20 frauds and avoid the snares of heretics as they rise, and to = continue sound and complete in the Catholic faith, we must, = the Lord=20 helping, fortify our own belief in two ways; first, by = the=20 authority of the Divine Law, and then, by the Tradition of = the=20 Catholic Church.

    But here some one perhaps will ask, Since the canon of = Scripture=20 is complete, and sufficient of itself for everything, and = more than=20 sufficient, what need is there to join with it the authority = of the=20 Church's interpretation? For this reason,=E2=80=94because, = owing to the=20 depth of Holy Scripture, all do not accept it in one and the = same=20 sense, but one understands its words in one way, another in = another;=20 so that it seems to be capable of as many interpretations as = there=20 are interpreters. For Novatian expounds it one way, = Sabellius=20 another, Donatus another, Arius, Eunomius, Macedonius, = another,=20 Photinus, Apollinaris, Priscillian, another, Iovinian, = Pelagius,=20 Celestius, another, lastly, Nestorius another. Therefore, it = is very=20 necessary, on account of so great intricacies of such = various error,=20 that the rule for the right understanding of the prophets = and=20 apostles should be framed in accordance with the standard of = Ecclesiastical and Catholic interpretation.

    Moreover, in the Catholic Church itself, all possible = care must=20 be taken, that we hold that faith which has been = believed=20 everywhere, always, by all. For that is truly and in = the=20 strictest sense "Catholic," which, as the name itself and = the reason=20 of the thing declare, comprehends all universally. This = rule we=20 shall observe if we follow universality, antiquity, = consent. We=20 shall follow universality if we confess that one faith to be = true,=20 which the whole Church throughout the world confesses; = antiquity, if=20 we in no wise depart from those interpretations which it is = manifest=20 were notoriously held by our holy ancestors and fathers; = consent, in=20 like manner, if in antiquity itself we adhere to the = consentient=20 definitions and determinations of all, or at the least of = almost all=20 priests and doctors.

    III: What is to be done if one or more dissent from the=20 rest

    What then will a Catholic Christian do, if a small = portion of the=20 Church have cut itself off from the communion of the = universal=20 faith? What, surely, but prefer the soundness of the whole = body to=20 the unsoundness of a pestilent and corrupt member? What, = if some=20 novel contagion seek to infect not merely an insignificant = portion=20 of the Church, but the whole? Then it will be his care to = cleave to=20 antiquity, which at this day cannot possibly be seduced by = any fraud=20 of novelty.

    But what, if in antiquity itself there be found error on = the part=20 of two or three men, or at any rate of a city or even of a = province?=20 Then it will be his care by all means, to prefer the = decrees, if=20 such there be, of an ancient General Council to the rashness = and=20 ignorance of a few. But what, if some error should spring up = on=20 which no such decree is found to bear? Then he must collate = and=20 consult and interrogate the opinions of the ancients, of = those,=20 namely, who, though living in divers times and places, yet=20 continuing in the communion and faith of the one Catholic = Church,=20 stand forth acknowledged and approved authorities: and = whatsoever he=20 shall ascertain to have been held, written, taught, not by = one or=20 two of these only, but by all, equally, with one consent, = openly,=20 frequently, persistently, that he must understand that he = himself=20 also is to believe without any doubt or hesitation.

    IX:

    ... Or perhaps the anathema pronounced on any one who = should=20 preach another Gospel than that which had been preached was = meant=20 for those times, not for the present. Then, also, the = exhortation,=20 "Walk in the Spirit and ye shall not fulfil the lust of the = flesh,"=20 was meant for those times, not for the present. But if it be = both=20 impious and pernicious to believe this, then it follows = necessarily,=20 that as these injunctions are to be observed by all ages, so = those=20 warnings also which forbid alteration of the faith are = warnings=20 intended for all ages. To preach any doctrine therefore = to=20 Catholic Christians other than what they have received never = was=20 lawful, never is lawful, never will be lawful: and to = anathematize=20 those who preach anything other than what has once been = received,=20 always was a duty, always is a duty, always will be a = duty.

    X: Why Eminent Men are permitted by God to become = Authors of=20 Novelties in the Church

    But some one will ask, How is it then, that certain = excellent=20 persons, and of position in the Church, are often permitted = by God=20 to preach novel doctrines to Catholics? A proper question,=20 certainly, and one which ought to be very carefully and = fully dealt=20 with, but answered at the same time, not in reliance upon = one's own=20 ability, but by the authority of the divine Law, and by = appeal to=20 the Church's determination.

    ... The reason is clearer than day why Divine Providence=20 sometimes permits certain doctors of the Churches to preach = new=20 doctrines=E2=80=94"That the Lord your God may try you;" he = says. And=20 assuredly it is a great trial when one whom thou believest = to be a=20 prophet, a disciple of prophets, a doctor and defender of = the truth,=20 whom thou hast folded to thy breast with the utmost = veneration and=20 love, when such a one of a sudden secretly and furtively = brings=20 in noxious errrors, which thou canst neither quickly detect, = being=20 held by the prestige of former authority, nor lightly think = it right=20 to condemn, being prevented by affection for thine old=20 master.

    XI: Examples from Church History, confirming the words = of=20 Moses,=E2=80=94 Nestorius, Photinus, Apollinaris

    Here, perhaps, some one will require us to illustrate the = words=20 of holy Moses by examples from Church History. The demand is = a fair=20 one, nor shall it wait long for satisfaction.

    For to take first a very recent and very plain case: what = son of=20 trial, think we, was that which the Church had experience of = the=20 other day, when that unhappy Nestorius, all at once = metamorphosed=20 from a sheep into a wolf, began to make havoc of the flock = of=20 Christ, while as yet a large proportion of those whom he was = devouring believed him to be a sheep, and consequently were = the more=20 exposed to his attacks? For who would readily suppose him to = be in=20 error, who was known to have been elected by the high choice = of the=20 Emperor, and to be held in the greatest esteem by the = priesthood?=20 who would readily suppose him to be in error, who, greatly = beloved=20 by the holy brethren, and in high favor with the populace, = expounded=20 the Scriptures in public daily, and confuted the pestilent = errors=20 both of Jews and Heathens? Who could choose but believe that = his=20 teaching was Orthodox, his preaching Orthodox, his belief = Orthodox,=20 who, that he might open the way to one heresy of his own, = was=20 zealously inveighing against the blasphemies of all = heresies? But=20 this was the very thing which Moses says: "The Lord your God = doth=20 try you that He may know whether you love Him or not."

    Leaving Nestorius, in whom there was always more that men = admired=20 than they were profited by, more of show than of reality, = whom=20 natural ability, rather than divine grace, magnified, for a = time in=20 the opinion of the common people, let us pass on to speak of = those=20 who, being persons of great attainments and of much = industry, proved=20 no small trial to Catholics. Such, for instance, was = Photinus, in=20 Pannonia, who, in the memory of our fathers, is said to have = been a=20 trial to the Church of Sirmium, where, when he had been = raised to=20 the priesthood with universal approbation, and had = discharged the=20 office for some time as a Catholic, all of a sudden, like = that evil=20 prophet or dreamer of dreams whom Moses refers to, he began = to=20 persuade the people whom God had intrusted, to his charge, = to follow=20 "strange gods," that is, strange errors, which before they = knew not.=20 But there was nothing unusual in this: the mischief of the = matter=20 was, that for the perpetration of so great wickedness he = availed=20 himself of no ordinary helps. For he was of great = natural=20 ability and of powerful eloquence, and had a wealth of = learning,=20 disputing and writing copiously and forcibly in both = languages, as=20 his books which remain, composed partly in Greek, partly in = Latin,=20 testify. But happily the sheep of Christ committed to = him,=20 vigilant and wary for the Catholic faith, quickly turned = their eyes=20 to the premonitory words of Moses, and, though admiring the=20 eloquence of their prophet and pastor, were not blind to the = trial.=20 For from thenceforward they began to flee from him as a = wolf,=20 whom formerly they had followed as the ram of the = flock.

    XX: The Notes of a true Catholic

    This being the case, he is the true and genuine Catholic = who=20 loves the truth of God, who loves the Church, who loves the = Body of=20 Christ, who esteems divine religion and the Catholic Faith = above=20 every thing, above the authority, above the regard, above = the=20 genius, above the eloquence, above the philosophy, of every = man=20 whatsoever; who sets light by all of these, and = continuing=20 steadfast and established in the faith, resolves that he = will=20 believe that, and that only, which he is sure the Catholic = Church=20 has held universally and from ancient time; but that = whatsoever=20 new and unheard-of doctrine he shall find to have been = furtively=20 introduced by some one or another, besides that of all, or = contrary=20 to that of all the saints, this, he will under, stand, does = not=20 pertain to religion, but is permitted as a trial, being = instructed=20 especially by the words of the blessed Apostle Paul, who = writes thus=20 in his first Epistle to the Corinthians, " There must needs = be=20 heresies, that they who are approved may be made manifest = among=20 you:" as though he should say, This is the reason why the = authors of=20 Heresies are not forthwith rooted up by God, namely, that = they who=20 are approved may be made manifest that is, that it may be = apparent=20 of each individual, how tenacious and faithful and steadfast = he is=20 in his love of the Catholic faith.

    XXIII: On Development in Religious Knowledge

    ... Therefore, whatever has been sown by the fidelity of = the=20 Fathers in this husbandry of God's Church, the same = ought to be=20 cultivated and taken care of by the industry of their = children,=20 the same ought to flourish and ripen, the same ought to = advance and=20 go forward to perfection. For it is right that those ancient = doctrines of heavenly philosophy should, as time goes on, be = cared=20 for, smoothed, polished; but not that they should be = changed, not=20 that they should be maimed, not that they should be = mutilated. They=20 may receive proof, illustration, definiteness; but they must = retain=20 withal their completeness, their integrity, their = characteristic=20 properties.

    For if once this license of impious fraud be admitted, I = dread to=20 say in how great danger religion will be of being utterly = destroyed=20 and annihilated. For if any one part of Catholic truth = be given=20 up, another, and another, and another will thenceforward be = given up=20 as a matter of course, and the several individual portions = having=20 been rejected, what will follow in the end but the rejection = of the=20 whole? On the other hand, if what is new begins to be = mingled with=20 what is old, foreign with domestic, profane with sacred, the = custom=20 will of necessity creep on universally, till at last the = Church will=20 have nothing left untampered with, nothing unadulterated, = nothing=20 sound, nothing pure; but where formerly there was a = sanctuary of=20 chaste and undefiled truth, thenceforward there will be a = brothel of=20 impious and base errors. May God's mercy avert this = wickedness=20 from the minds of his servants; be it rather the frenzy of = the=20 ungodly.

    But the Church of Christ, the careful and watchful = guardian of=20 the doctrines deposited in her charge, never changes = anything in=20 them, never diminishes, never adds, does not cut off what is = necessary, does not add what is superfluous, does not = lose her=20 own, does not appropriate what is another's, but while = dealing=20 faithfully and judiciously with ancient doctrine, keeps this = one=20 object carefully in view,=E2=80=94if there be anything which = antiquity has=20 left shapeless and rudimentary, to fashion and polish it, if = anything already reduced to shape and developed, to = consolidate and=20 strengthen it, if any already ratified and defined to keep = and guard=20 it. Finally, what other object have Councils ever aimed at = in their=20 decrees, than to provide that what was before believed in = simplicity=20 should in future be believed intelligently, that what was = before=20 preached coldly should in future be preached earnestly, that = what=20 was before practised negligently should thenceforward be = practised=20 with double solicitude ? This, I say, is what the Catholic = Church,=20 roused by the novelties of heretics, has accomplished by the = decrees=20 of her Councils,=E2=80=94this, and nothing else,=E2=80=94she = has thenceforward=20 consigned to posterity in writing what she had received from = those=20 of olden times only by tradition, comprising a great amount = of=20 matter in a few words, and often, for the better = understanding,=20 designating an old article of the faith by the = characteristic of a=20 new name.

    XXVIII: In what Way, on collating the consentient = opinions of=20 the Ancient Masters, the Novelties of Heretics may be = detected and=20 condemned

    And here I perceive that, as a necessary sequel to the = foregoing,=20 I ought to show by examples in what way, by collating the=20 consentient opinions of the ancient masters, the profane = novelties=20 of heretics may be detected and condemned. . . .

    XXXI: The Constancy of the Ephesine Fathers in driving = away=20 Novelty and maintaining Antiquity

    ... Next we expressed our admiration of the humility and = sanctity=20 of that Council [of Ephesus], such that, though the number = of=20 priests was so great, almost the more part of them = metropolitans, so=20 erudite, so learned, that almost all were capable of taking = part in=20 doctrinal discussions, whom the very circumstance of their = being=20 assembled for the purpose, might seem to embolden to make = some=20 determination on their own authority, yet they innovated = nothing,=20 presumed nothing, arrogated to themselves absolutely = nothing, but=20 used all possible care to hand down nothing to posterity but = what=20 they had themselves received from their Fathers. And not = only did=20 they dispose satisfactorily of the matter presently in hand, = but=20 they also set an example to those who should come after = them,=20 how they also should adhere to the determinations of = sacred=20 antiquity, and condemn the devices of profane = novelty.

    XXXII: The zeal of Celestine and Sixtus, bishops of = Rome, in=20 opposing Novelty

    The foregoing would be enough and very much more than = enough, to=20 crush and annihilate every profane novelty. But yet that = nothing=20 might be wanting to such completeness of proof, we added, at = the=20 close, the twofold authority of the Apostolic See, first, = that of=20 holy Pope Sixtus, the venerable prelate who now adorns the = Roman=20 Church; and secondly that of his predecessor, Pope Celestine = of=20 blessed memory, which same we think it necessary to insert = here=20 also.

    Holy Pope Sixtus then says in an Epistle which he wrote = on=20 Nestorius's matter to the bishop of Antioch, "Therefore, = because, as=20 the Apostle says, the faith is one,=E2=80=94evidently the = faith which has=20 obtained hitherto,=E2=80=94let us believe the things that = are to be said,=20 and say the things that are to be held." What are the things = that=20 are to be believed and to be said? He goes on: "Let no = license=20 be allowed to novelty, because it is not fit that any = addition=20 should be made to antiquity. Let not the clear faith and = belief of=20 our forefathers be fouled by any muddy admixture." A = truly=20 apostolic sentiment! He enhances the belief of the Fathers = by the=20 epithet of clearness; profane novelties he calls muddy.

    Holy Pope Celestine also expresses himself in like manner = and to=20 the same effect. For in the Epistle which he wrote to the = priests of=20 Gaul, charging them with connivance with error, in that = by their=20 silence they failed in their duty to the ancient faith, and = allowed=20 profane novelties to spring up, he says: "We are = deservedly to=20 blame if we encourage error by silence. Therefore rebuke = these=20 people. Restrain their liberty of preaching." But here some = one may=20 doubt who they are whose liberty to preach as they, list he=20 forbids,=E2=80=94the preachers of antiquity or the devisers = of novelty. Let=20 himself tell us; let himself resolve the reader's doubt. For = he goes=20 on: "If the case be so (that is, if the case be so as = certain=20 persons complain to me touching your cities and provinces, = that by=20 your hurtful dissimulation you cause them to consent to = certain=20 novelties), if the case be so, let novelty cease to assail=20 antiquity." This, then, was the sentence of blessed = Celestine, not=20 that antiquity should cease to subvert novelty, but that = novelty=20 should cease to assail antiquity.

    XXXIII: The Children of the Catholic Church ought to = adhere to=20 the Faith of their Fathers and die for it

    Whoever then gainsays these Apostolic and Catholic=20 determinations, first of all necessarily insults . . . the = decisions=20 of the holy bishops of almost the whole East, who decreed, = under=20 divine guidance, that nothing ought to be believed by = posterity save=20 what the sacred antiquity of the holy Fathers, consentient = in=20 Christ, had held, who with one voice, and with loud acclaim, = testified that these were the words of all . . .it is = incumbent on=20 all Catholics who are anxious to approve themselves genuine = sons of=20 Mother Church, to adhere henceforward to the holy faith of = the holy=20 Fathers, to be wedded to it, to die in it; but as to the = profane=20 novelties of profane men=E2=80=94to detest them, abhor them, = oppose them,=20 give them no quarter.

    From A=20 Commonitory, by St. Vincent of Lerins (5th = c.).

     
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