From: Subject: Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Series I, Vol. XI Date: Sat, 23 Sep 2006 23:37:41 -0500 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0000_01C6DF69.42D9ADC0" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.2962 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C6DF69.42D9ADC0 Content-Type: text/html; charset="Windows-1252" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/NPNF1-11/npnf1-11-40.htm Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Series I, Vol. = XI

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Homily XXXIII.

Homily=20 XXXIII.

This (James) was bishop, as they say, and therefore he speaks last, = and=20 herein is fulfilled that saying, "In the mouth of two or three witnesses = shall=20 every word be established." (Deut. xvii. 6; Matt. xviii. 16.) But = observe the=20 discretion shown by him also, in making his argument good from the = prophets,=20 both new and old.1=20 For he had no acts of his own to declare, as Peter had and Paul. And = indeed it=20 is wisely ordered that this (the active) part is assigned to those, as = not=20 intended. to be locally fixed in Jerusalem, whereas (James) here, who = performs=20 the part of teacher, is no way responsible for what has been done, while = however=20 he is not divided from them in opinion.2=20 (b) "Men and brethren," he says, "hearken unto me." Great is the=20 moderation of the man. His also is a more complete oration, as indeed it = puts=20 the completion to the matter under discussion. (a) "Symeon," he = says,=20 "declared:" (namely,) in Luke, in that he prophesied, "Which Thou hast = prepared=20 before the face of all nations, a light to lighten the Gentiles, and the = glory=20 of Thy people Israel."3=20 (c) "How God at the first did visit the Gentiles, to take out of = them a=20 people for His Name." (Luke ii. 25.) Then, since that (witness), = though4=20 from the time indeed he was manifest, yet had not authority by reason of = his not=20 being ancient, therefore he produces ancient prophecy also, saying, "And = to this=20 agree the words of the Prophets, as it is written: After this I wilt = return, and=20 will build again the tabernacle of David which is fallen down; and I = will build=20 again the ruins thereof, and I will set it up." (v. 16.) What? was = Jerusalem=20 raised up? Was it not rather thrown down? What5=20 sort of raising up does he call that which took place after the return = from=20 Babylon? "That the residue of men," he says, "may seek the Lord, even = all the=20 Gentiles upon whom My Name is called." (v. 17.) Then, what makes his = word=20 authoritative-"Saith the Lord, which doeth all these things:" and, for = that this=20 is no new thing, but all was planned from the beginning, "Known unto God = are all=20 His works from everlasting."6=20 (v. 18.) And then again his authority (kai to = aciwma=20 palin) (as Bishop): "Wherefore my sentence is, that we trouble = not them,=20 which from among the Gentiles are turned to God: but that we write unto = them,=20 that they abstain from pollution of idols, and from fornication, and = from things=20 strangled, and from blood. For Moses of old time hath in every city them = that=20 preach him, being read in the synagogues every sabbath day." (v. 19-21.) = Since7=20 then they had heard of the Law, with good reason he enjoins these things = from=20 the Law, that he may not seem to make it of no authority. And (yet) = observe how=20 he does not let them be told these things from the Law, but from = himself,=20 saying, It is not that I heard these things from the Law, but how? "We = have=20 judged." Then the decree is made in common. "Then pleased it the = Apostles and=20 elders, together with the whole Church, to choose men of their own = company"-do=20 you observe they do not merely enact these matters, and nothing = more?-"and send=20 them to Antioch with Paul and Barnabas:namely, Judas surnamed Barsabas, = and=20 Silas, chief men among the brethren: and they wrote letters by them = after this=20 manner." (v. 22.) And observe, the more to authenticate the decree, they = send=20 men of their own, that there may be no room for regarding Paul and his = company=20 with suspicion. "The Apostles and elders and brethren send greeting unto = the=20 brethren which are of the Gentiles in Antioch and Syria and Cilicia." = (v. 23.)=20 And mark8=20 with what forbearance of all harsh vituperation of those (brethren) they = indite=20 their epistle. "Forasmuch as we have heard, that certain which went out = from us=20 have troubled you with words, subverting your souls, saying, Ye must be=20 circumcised, and keep the Law: to whom we gave no such commandment." (v. = 24.)=20 Sufficient was this charge against the temerity of those men, and worthy = of the=20 Apostles' moderation, that they said nothing beyond this. Then to show = that they=20 do not act despotically, that all are agreed in this, that with = deliberation=20 they write this-"It seemed good to us, being assembled with one accord, = to send=20 men of ours whom we have chosen" (v. 25)-then, that it may not look like = disparagement of Paul and Barnabas, that those men are sent, observe the = encomium passed upon them-"together with our beloved Barnabas and Paul, = men that=20 have hazarded their lives for the name of our Lord Jesus Christ. We have = sent=20 therefore Judas and Silas; who shall also tell you the same things by = mouth. For=20 it seemed good to the Holy Spirit and to us"-it is not man's doing, it = says-"to=20 lay upon you no greater burden"-again it calls the Law a burden: then=20 apologizing even for these injunctions-"save these necessary things" (v. = 26-28):=20 "That ye abstain from meats offered to idols, and from blood, and from = things=20 strangled, and from fornication from which if ye keep yourselves, ye = shall do=20 well. (v. 29.) For these things the New Testament did not enjoin: we = nowhere=20 find that Christ discoursed about these matters; but these things they = take from=20 the Law. "From things strangled," it says, "and from blood." here it = prohibits=20 murder. (Comp. Gen. ix. 5.) "So when they were dismissed, they came to = Antioch:=20 and when they had gathered the multitude together, they delivered the = epistle:=20 which when they had read, they rejoiced for the consolation." (v. 30, = 31.) Then=20 those (brethren) also exhorted them: and having established them, for = towards=20 Paul they were contentiously disposed, so departed from them in peace. = "And=20 Judas and Silas, being prophets also themselves, exhorted the brethren = with many=20 words, and confirmed them And after they had tarried there a space, they = were=20 let go in peace from the brethren unto the Apostles." (v. 32, 33.) No = more=20 factions and fightings, but thenceforth Paul taught.9=20

(Recapitulation.) "Then all the multitude kept silence," etc. (v. = 12.) There=20 was no arrogance in the Church. After Peter Paul speaks, and none = silences him:=20 James waits patiently, not starts up10=20 (for the next word). Great the orderliness (of the proceedings). No word = speaks=20 John here, no word the other Apostles, but held their peace, for James = was=20 invested with the chief rule, and think it no hardship. So clean was = their soul=20 from love of glory. "And after that they had held their peace, James = answered,"=20 etc. (v. 13.) (b) Peter indeed spoke more strongly, but James = here more=20 mildly: for thus it behooves one in high authority, to leave what is = unpleasant=20 for others to say, while he himself appears in the milder part. = (a) But=20 what means it, "How God first (prwton) did = visit?" (v.=20 14.) (It means) from the beginning (ec = arxhj).11=20 (c) Moreover he well says, "Symeon expounded" (echghsato) (or, interpreted), implying that he too = spake the=20 mind of others. "And to this agree," etc. Observe how he shows that this = is a=20 doctrine of old time. "To take out of the Gentiles," he says, "a people = for His=20 Name." (v. 15.) Not simply, Chose, but, "for His Name," that is for His = glory.=20 His Name is not shamed by the taking (prolhyei) the=20 Gentiles first, but it is even a greater glory.-Here some even great = thing is=20 hinted at: that these are chosen before all.12=20 "After this I will return, and rebuild the tabernacle of David which is = fallen=20 down." (v. 16.) But if one would look into the matter closely, the = kingdom of=20 David does in fact now stand, his Offspring reigning everywhere. For = what is the=20 good of the buildings and the city, with none obeying there? And what is = the=20 harm arising from the destruction of the city, when all are willing to = give=20 their very souls? There is that come which is more illustrious than = David: in=20 all parts of the world is he now sung. This has come to pass: if so, = then must=20 this also come to pass, "And I will build again the ruins thereof, and I = will=20 set it up:" to what end? "that the residue of men may seek the Lord, and = all the=20 Gentiles, upon whom My Name is called." (v. 17.) If then it was to this = end that=20 the city rose again (namely) because of Him (that was to come) of them, = it shows=20 that of the building of the city the cause is, the calling of the = Gentiles. Who=20 are "the residue?" those who are then left.13=20 "And all the Gentiles, upon whom My Name is called:" but observe, how he = keeps=20 the due order, and brings them in second. "Saith the Lord, which doeth = these=20 things." Not "saith" (only), but "doeth." Why then, it was God's = work.-"But the=20 question is other than this (namely), what Peter spoke more plainly, = whether=20 they must be circumcised. Then why dost thou harangue about these = matters?" For=20 what the objectors asserted, was not that they must not be received upon = believing, but that it must be with the Law. And upon this Peter well = pleaded:=20 but then, as this very thing above all others troubled the hearers, = therefore he=20 sets this to rights again (qerapeuei). And = observe,=20 that which was needful to be enacted as a rule, that it is not necessary = to keep=20 the Law, this Peter introduced: but the milder part,14=20 the truth which was received of old, this James saith, and dwells upon = that=20 concerning which nothing is15=20 written, in order that having soothed their minds by that which is = acknowledged,=20 he may opportunely introduce this likewise. "Wherefore," saith he, "my = sentence=20 is, not to trouble them which from among the Gentiles do turn unto God" = (v. 19),=20 that is, not to subvert: for, if God called them, and these observances = subvert,=20 we fight against God. And16=20 again, "them which from the Gentiles," he saith, "do turn." And he says = well,=20 with authority, the "my sentence is. But that we write unto them = that=20 they abstain from pollutions of idols, and from fornication"-(b) = and yet=20 they often insisted upon these points in discoursing to them17=20 -but, that he may seem also to honor the Law (he mentions), these also, = speaking=20 (however) not as from Moses but from the Apostles, and to make the = commandments=20 many, he has divided the one into two (saying), "and from things = strangled, and=20 from blood." (v. 20.) For these, although relating to the body, were = necessary=20 to be observed, because (these things) caused great evils, "For Moses = hath of=20 old times in every city," etc. (v. 21.) This above all quieted them. = (anepausen) (a) For this cause I affirm that = it is=20 good (so "to write to them.") Then why do we not write the same = injunctions to=20 Jews also? Moses discourses unto them. See what condescension (to their=20 weakness)! Where it did no harm, he set him up as teacher, and indulged = them=20 with a gratification which hindered nothing, by permitting Jews to hear = him in=20 regard of these matters, even while leading away from him them of the = Gentiles.=20 See what wisdom! He seems to honor him, and to set him up as the = authority for=20 his own people, and by this very thing he leads away the Gentiles from=20 him!18=20 "Being read in the synagogues every sabbath day." Then why do they not = learn=20 (what is to be learnt) out of him, for instance * *?19=20 Through the perversity of these men. He shows that even these (the Jews) = need=20 observe no more (than these necessary thing's). And if we do not write = to them,=20 it is not that they are bound to observe anything more, but only that = they have=20 one to tell them. And he does not say, Not to offend, nor to turn them=20 back,20=20 which is what Paul said to the Galatians, but, "not to trouble them:" he = shows=20 that the point (katorqwma) if carried is = nothing but a=20 mere troubling. Thus he made an end of the whole matter;21=20 and while he seems to preserve the Law by adopting these rules from it, = he=20 unbinds it by taking only these. (c)22=20 There was a design of Providence in the disputation also, that after the = disputation the doctrine might be more firm. "Then pleased it the = Apostles to=20 send chosen men of their own company," etc., no ordinary persons, but = the=20 "leading men; having written" (letters) "by them after this manner. To = those in=20 Antioch," it says, "and Syria and Cilicia." (v. 22, 23) where the = disease had=20 its birth.Observe how they say nothing harsher (fortikwteron) against those men, but look to one = thing only,=20 namely, to undo (the mischief) which has been done. For this would make = even the=20 movers of the faction there to confess (that they were wrong). They do = not say,=20 The seducers, the pestilent fellows, or suchlike: though where need is, = Paul=20 does this, as when he says, "O full of all guile" (ch. xiii. 10): but = here, the=20 point being carried, there was no need. And observe, they do not put it, = That=20 certain from us ordered you to keep the Law, but, "Troubled you with = words,=20 subverting your souls,"-nothing could be more proper (kuriwteron) than that word: none (of the other = speakers) has=20 so spoken of the things done by those men. "The souls," he says, already = strongly established, these persons are anasxeuazontej=20 as in speaking of a building, "taking them down again:" displacing them = (metatiqentej) from the foundation).23=20 "To whom," he says, "we gave no such commandment. It seemed good = therefore to us=20 being assembled with one accord, to send chosen men unto you together = with our=20 beloved Barnabas and Paul, men that have hazarded their lives for the = Name of=20 our Lord Jesus Christ." (v. 25, 26.) If "beloved," they will not despise = them,=20 if they "have hazarded their lives," they have themselves a right to be=20 believed. "We have sent," it saith, "Judas and Silas, who shall also = tell you=20 the same things by word of mouth." (v. 27.) For it was necessary that = there=20 should be not merely the Epistle there by itself, lest they should say = that Paul=20 and Barnabas had suppressed24=20 (the real purport), that they said one thing instead of another. The = encomium=20 passed upon Paul stopped their mouths. For this is the reason why = neither Paul=20 comes alone nor Barnabas (with him), but others also from the Church; = that he=20 may not be suspected, seeing it was he that advocated that doctrine: nor = yet=20 those from Jerusalem alone. It shows that they have a right to be = believed. "For=20 it seemed good," say they, "to the Holy Ghost and to us" (v. 28): not = making=20 themselves equal (to Him25=20 )-they are not so mad. But why does it put this (so)? Why did they add, = "And to=20 us," and yet it had sufficed to say, "To the Holy Ghost?" The one, "To = the Holy=20 Ghost," that they may not deem it to be of man; the other, "To us," that = they=20 may be taught that they also themselves admit (the Gentiles), although=20 themselves being in circumcision. They have to speak to men who are = still weak=20 and afraid of them: this is the reason why this also is added. And it = shows that=20 it is not by way of condescension that they speak, neither because they = spared=20 them, nor as considering them weak, but the contrary; for great was the=20 reverence of the teachers also.26=20 "To lay upon you no greater burden"-they27=20 are ever calling it a burden-and again, "save these necessary things:" = for that=20 was a superfluous burden. See here a brief Epistle, with nothing more in = it=20 (than was needed), neither arts of persuasion (kataskeuaj) nor reasonings, but simply a command: = for it was=20 the Spirit's legislating. "So when they were dismissed they came to = Antioch, and=20 having gathered the multitude together, they delivered to them the = epistle." (v.=20 30.) After the epistle, then (Judas and Silas) also themselves exhort = them by=20 word (v. 31): for this also was needful, that (Paul and Barnabas) might = be quit=20 of all suspicion. "Being prophets also themselves," it says, exhorted = the=20 brethren "with many words." It shows here the right that Paul and = Barnabas have=20 to be believed. For Paul also might have done this, but it behooved to = be done=20 by by these.28=20 "And after they had tarried there a space, they were let go in peace. = (v.=20 33.)

No29=20 more faction. On this occasion, I suppose, it was that they received the = right=20 hand, as he says himself, "They gave to me and Barnabas right hands of=20 fellowship." (Gal. ii. 9.) There he says, "They added nothing to = me."30=20 (ib. 6.) For they confirmed his view: they praised and admired it.-It = shows that=20 even from human reasonings it is possible to see this, not to say from = the Holy=20 Ghost only, that they sinned a sin not easy to be corrected. For such = things=20 need not the Spirit.-It shows that the rest are not necessary, but = superfluous.=20 seeing these things are necessary. "From which if ye keep yourselves," = it saith,=20 "ye shall do well." It shows that nothing is lacking to them, but this = is=20 sufficient. For it might have been done also without letters, but that = there may=20 be a law in writing (they send this Epistle): again, that they may obey = the law=20 (the Apostles), also told those men (the same things), and they did = this, "and=20 confirmed them, and having tarried a space were let go in peace."

Let us not then be offended on account of the heretics. For look, = here at the=20 very outset of the preaching, how many offences there were: I speak not = of those=20 which arose from them that were without; for these were nothing: but of = the=20 offences which were within. For instance, first Ananias, then the = "murmuring,"=20 then Simon the sorcerer; afterwards they that accused Peter on account = of=20 Cornelius, next the famine,31=20 lastly this very thing, the chief of the evils. For indeed it is = impossible when=20 any good thing has taken place, that some evil should not also subsist = along=20 with it. Let us not then be disturbed, if certain are offended, but let = us thank=20 God even for this, because it makes us more approved. For not = tribulations only,=20 but even temptations also render us more illustrious. A man is no such = great=20 lover of the truth, only for holding to it when there is none to lead = him astray=20 from it: to hold fast to the truth when many are drawing him away, this = makes=20 the proved man. What then? Is this why offences come? I am not speaking = as if=20 God were the author of them: God forbid! but I mean, that even out of = their=20 wickedness He works good to us: it was never His wish that they should = arise:=20 "Grant to them," He saith, "that they may be one" (John xvii. 21): but = since=20 offences do come, they are no hurt, to these, but even a benefit: just = as the=20 persecutors unwillingly benefit the Martyrs by dragging them to = martyrdom, and=20 yet they are not driven to this by God; just so is it here. Let us not = look=20 (only at this), that men are offended: this very thing is itself a proof = of the=20 excellence of the doctrine-that many stimulate and counterfeit it: for = it would=20 not be so, if it were not good. And this I will now show, and make on = all hands=20 plain to you. Of perfumes, the fragrant spices are they which people = adulterate=20 and counterfeit; as, for instance, the amomum leaf. For because these = are rare=20 and of necessary use, therefore there come to be spurious imitations = likewise.=20 Nobody would care to counterfeit any common article. The pure life gets = many a=20 false pretender to it: no man would care to counterfeit the man of = vicious life;=20 no, but the man of monastic life.-What then shall we say to the heathen? = There=20 comes a heathen and says, "I wish to become a Christian, but I know not = whom to=20 join: there is much fighting and faction among you, much confusion: = which=20 doctrine am I to choose?" How shall we answer him? "Each of you" (says = he)=20 "asserts, `I speak the truth.'" (b) No32=20 doubt: this is in our favor. For if we told you to be persuaded by = arguments,=20 you might well be perplexed: but if we bid you believe the Scriptures, = and these=20 are simple and true, the decision is easy for you. If any agree with the = Scriptures, he is the Christian; if any fight against them, he is far = from this=20 rule. (a) "But which am I to believe, knowing as I do nothing at = all of=20 the Scriptures? The others also allege the same thing for themselves. = What then=20 (c)if the other come, and say that the Scripture has this, and = you that=20 it has something different, and ye interpret the Scriptures diversely, = dragging=20 their sense (each his own way)?" And you then, I ask, have you no = understanding,=20 no judgment? "And how should I be able (to decide)," says he, "I who do = not even=20 know how to judge of your doctrines? I wish to become a learner, and you = are=20 making me forthwith a teacher." If he say this, what, say you, are we to = answer=20 him? How shall we persuade him? Let us ask whether all this be not mere = pretence=20 and subterfuge. Let us ask whether he has decided (kategnwke) against the heathen (that they are = wrong). The=20 fact33=20 he will assuredly affirm, for of course, if he had not so decided, he = would not=20 have come to (enquire about) our matters let us ask the grounds on which = he has=20 decided, for to be sure he has not settled the matter out of hand. = Clearly he=20 will say, "Because (their gods) are creatures, and are not the uncreated = God."=20 Good. If then he find this in the other parties (aireseij), but among us the contrary, what = argument need we?=20 We all confess that Christ is God. But let us see who fight (against = this=20 truth), and who not. Now we, affirming Him to be God speak of Him things = worthy=20 of God, that He hath power, that He is not a slave, that He is free, = that He=20 doeth of Himself: whereas the other says the reverse. Again I ask: if = you would=20 learn (to be) a physician,34=20 * * *? And yet among them are many (different) doctrines. For if you = accept=20 without more ado just what you are told, this is not acting like a man: = but if=20 you have judgment and sense, you shall assuredly know what is good. We = affirm=20 the Son to be God, we verify (epalhqeuomen) = what we=20 affirm: but they affirm indeed, but (in fact) confess not.-But35=20 to mention (something) even plainer: those have certain persons from = whom they=20 are called, openly showing the name of the heresiarch himself, and each = heresy=20 in like manner: with us, no man has given us a name, but the faith = itself.=20 However, this (talk of yours) is mere pretence and subterfuge. For = answer me:=20 how is it that if you would buy a cloak, though ignorant of the art of = weaving,=20 you do not speak such words as these-"I do not know how to buy; they = cheat=20 me"-but do all you can to learn, and so whatever else it be that you = would buy:=20 but here you speak these words? For at this rate, you will accept = nothing at=20 all. For let there be one that has no (religious) doctrine whatever: if = he=20 should say what you say about the Christians-"There is inch a multitude = of men,=20 and they have different doctrines; this a heathen, that a Jew, the other = a=20 Christian: no need to accept any doctrine whatever, for they are at = variance one=20 with another; but I am a learner, and do not wish to be a judge"36=20 -but if you have yielded (so far as) to pronounce against (kataginwskein) one doctrine, this pretext no = longer has=20 place for you. For just as you were able to reject the spurious, so here = also,=20 having come, you shall be able to prove what is profitable. For he that = has not=20 pronounced against any doctrine at all, may easily say this: but he that = has=20 pronounced against any, though he have chosen none, by going on in the = same way,=20 will be able to see what he ought to do. Then let us not make pretexts = and=20 excuses, and all will be easy. For, to show you that all this is mere = excuse,=20 answer me this: Do you know what you ought to do, and what to leave = undone? Then=20 why do you not what you ought? Do that, and by right reason seek of God, = and He=20 will assuredly reveal it to thee. "God," it saith, "is no respecter of = persons,=20 but in every nation he that feareth Him, and worketh righteousness, is = accepted=20 with Him." (ch. x. 34, 35.) It cannot be that he who hears without = prejudice=20 should not be persuaded. For just as, if there were a rule, by which = everything=20 behooved to be put straight, it would not need much consideration, but = it would=20 be easy to detect the person who measures falsely (ton=20 parametrounta labein), So is it here. "Then how is it they do not = see it=20 at a glance?" Many things are the cause of this: both preconceived = opinion, and=20 human causes: (aitiai). The others, say you, = say the=20 same thing about us. How? For are we separated from the Church? have we = our=20 heresiarchs? Are we called after men-as one of them has Marcion,37=20 another Manichaeus, a third Arius, for the author and leader (of his = sect)?=20 Whereas if we likewise do receive an appellation from any man, we do not = take=20 them that have been the authors of some heresy, but men that presided = over us,=20 and governed the Church. We have no "masters upon the earth"-God = forbid-we have=20 "One Master that is in heaven." (Matt. xxiii. 9, xxiii. 10.) "And those = also,"=20 says he, "say the same." But there stands the name set over them, = accusing them,=20 and stopping their mouths.-How38=20 is it, there have been many heathen, and none of them asked these = questions: and=20 among the philosophers there were these (differences), and yet none of = those=20 holding the right party (airesin) was = hindered=20 (thereby)?-Why did not (those believers) say, when (the others) raised = these=20 questions, "Both these and those are Jews: which must we believe?" But = they=20 believed as they ought. Then let us also obey the laws of God, and do = all things=20 according to His good pleasure,39=20 that having virtuously passed this life present, we may be enabled to = attain=20 unto the good things promised to them that love Him, by the grace and = mercy of=20 our Lord Jesus Christ, with Whom to the Father and the Holy Ghost = together, be=20 glory, dominion, honor, now and ever, world without end. Amen.

= = =

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