From: Subject: Saint Photius the Great's Encyclical to the Eastern Patriarchs Date: Wed, 18 Oct 2006 15:48:37 -0500 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0022_01C6F2CC.DFF20C30" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.2962 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0022_01C6F2CC.DFF20C30 Content-Type: text/html; charset="utf-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.geocities.com/trvalentine/orthodox/photius_encyclical.html =EF=BB=BF Saint Photius the Great's Encyclical to the = Eastern Patriarchs var PUpage=3D"76001081"; var PUprop=3D"geocities"; =

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Saint Photius the Great

Encyclical to the Eastern Patriarchs

Countless have been the evils devised by the cunning = devil against=20 the race of men, from the beginning up to the coming of the Lord. But = even=20 afterwards, he has not ceased through errors and heresies to beguile and = deceive=20 those who listen to him. Before our times, the Church, witnessed = variously the=20 godless errors of Arius, Macedonius, Nestorius, Eutyches, Discorus, and = a foul=20 host of others, against which the holy Ecumenical Synods were convened, = and=20 against which our holy and God-bearing Fathers battled with the sword of = the=20 Holy Spirit. Yet, even after these heresies had been overcome and peace = reigned,=20 and from the Imperial Capital the streams of Orthodoxy flowed throughout = the=20 world; after some people who had been afflicted by the Monophysite = heresy=20 returned to the True Faith because of your holy prayers; and after other = barbarian peoples, such as the Bulgarians, had turned from idolatry to = the=20 knowledge of God and the Christian Faith: then was the cunning devil = stirred up=20 because of his envy.

For the Bulgarians had not been baptised even two years = when=20 dishonourable men emerged out of the darkness (that is, the West), and = poured=20 down like hail or, better, charged like wild boars upon the = newly-planted=20 vineyard of the Lord, destroying it with hoof and tusk, which is to say, = by=20 their shameful lives and corrupted dogmas. For the papal missionaries = and clergy=20 wanted these Orthodox Christians to depart from the correct and pure = dogmas of=20 our irreproachable Faith.

The first error of the Westerners was to compel the = faithful to=20 fast on Saturdays. (I mention this seemingly small point because the = least=20 departure from Tradition can lead to a scorning of every dogma of our = Faith.)=20 Next, they convinced the faithful to despise the marriage of priests, = thereby=20 sowing in their souls the seeds of the Manichean heresy. Likewise, they=20 persuaded them that all who had been chrismated by priests had to be = anointed=20 again by bishops. In this way, they hoped to show that Chrismation by = priests=20 had no value, thereby ridiculing this divine and supernatural Christian = Mystery.=20 From whence comes this law forbidding priests to anoint with Holy = Chrism? From=20 what lawgiver, Apostle, Father, or Synod? For, if a priest cannot = chrismate the=20 newly-baptised, then surely neither can he baptise. Or, how can a priest = consecrate the Body and Blood of Christ our Lord in the Divine Liturgy = if, at=20 the same time, he cannot chrismate with Holy Chrism? If this grace then, = is=20 taken from the priests, the episcopal rank is diminished, for the bishop = stands=20 at the head of the choir of priests. But the impious Westerners did not = stop=20 their lawlessness even here.

They attempted by their false opinions and distorted = words to ruin=20 the holy and sacred Nicene Symbol of Faith =E2=80=94 which by both = synodal and universal=20 decisions possesses invincible power =E2=80=94 by adding to it that the = Holy Spirit=20 proceeds not only from the Father, as the Symbol declares, but from the = Son=20 also. Until now, no one has ever heard even a heretic pronounce such a = teaching.=20 What Christian can accept the introduction of two sources into the Holy = Trinity;=20 that is, that the Father is one source of the Son and the Holy Spirit, = and that=20 the Son is another source of the Holy Spirit, thereby transforming the = monarchy=20 of the Holy Trinity into a dual divinity?

And why should the Holy Spirit proceed from the Son as = well as=20 from the Father? For if His procession from the Father is perfect and = complete =E2=80=94=20 and it is perfect because He is perfect God from perfect God =E2=80=94 = then why is there=20 also a procession from the Son? The Son, moreover, cannot serve as an=20 intermediary between the Father and the Spirit because the Spirit is not = a=20 property of the Son. If two principles, two sources, exist in the = divinity, then=20 the unity of the divinity would be destroyed. If the Spirit proceeds = from both=20 the Father and the Son, His procession from the Father alone would of = necessity=20 be either perfect or imperfect. If it is imperfect, then procession for = two=20 hypostases would be much more contrived and less perfect than procession = from=20 one hypostasis alone. If it is not imperfect, then why would it be = necessary for=20 the Spirit to also proceed from the Son?

If the Son participates in the quality or property of = the Father's=20 own hypostasis, then the Son and the Spirit lose their own personal=20 distinctions. Here one falls into semi-Sabellianism. The proposition = that in the=20 divinity there exist two principles, one which is independent and the = other=20 which receives its origin from the first, destroys the very root of the=20 Christian conception of God. It would be much more consistent to expound = these=20 two principles into three, for this would be more in keeping with the = human=20 understanding of the Holy Trinity.

But since the Father is the principle and source, not = because of=20 the nature of the divinity, but because of the property of the = hypostasis (and=20 the hypostasis of the Father does not include the hypostasis of the = Son), the=20 Son cannot be a principle or source. The Filioque actually = divides the=20 hypostasis of the Father into two parts, or else the hypostasis of the = Son=20 becomes a part of the hypostasis of the Father. By the Filioque = teaching, the Holy Spirit is two degrees or steps removed from the = Father, and=20 thus has a much lower rank than the Son. If the Holy Spirit proceeds = from the=20 Son also, then of the three Divine Hypostases, the Holy Spirit alone has = more=20 than one origin or principle.

By the teaching of the procession from the Son also, the = Father=20 and the Son are made closer to each other than the Father and the = Spirit, since=20 the Son possesses not only the Father's nature but also the property of = His=20 Person. The procession of the Spirit from the Son is either the same as = that=20 from the Father, or else it is different, in which case there exists an=20 opposition in the Holy Trinity. A dual procession cannot be reconciled = with the=20 principle that what is not common to the three hypostases belongs = exclusively to=20 only one of the three hypostases. If the Spirit proceeds also from the = Son, why=20 then would something not proceed from the Spirit, so that the balance = between=20 the Divine Hypostases would therefore be maintained?

By the teaching that the Spirit also proceeds from the = Son, the=20 Father appears partial towards the Son. The Father is either a greater = source of=20 the Spirit than the Son, or a lesser source. If greater, the dignity of = the Son=20 is offended; if lesser, the dignity of the Father is offended. The = Latins make=20 the Son greater than the Spirit, for they consider Him a principle, = irreverently=20 placing Him closer to the Father. By introducing a dual principle into = the Holy=20 Trinity as they do, the Latins offend the Son, for by making Him a = source of=20 that which already has a source, they thus render Him unnecessary as a = source.=20 They also divide the Holy Spirit into two parts: one part from the = Father and=20 one part from the Son. In the Holy Trinity, which is united in an = indivisible=20 unity, all three hypostases are inviolable. But if the Son contributes = to the=20 procession of the Spirit, Sonship is then injured, and the hypostatic = property=20 damaged.

If, by the begetting of the Son, the power was thereby = given to=20 the Son that the Holy Spirit would proceed from Him, then how would His = Sonship=20 itself not be destroyed when He, Who Himself has a source, became a = source of=20 Another Who is equal to Him and is of the same nature as He? According = to the=20 Filioque teaching, it is impossible to see why the Holy Spirit = could=20 not be called a granson! If the Father is the source of the Son, who is = the=20 second source of the Spirit, then the Father is both immediate and the = mediated=20 source of the Holy Spirit! A dual source in the divinity inescapably = concludes=20 in a dual result; therefore, the hypostasis of the Spirit must be dual.=20 Therefore, the teaching of the Filioque introduces into the = divinity=20 two principles, a dyarchy, which destroys the unity of the divinity, the = monarchy of the Father.

Having here explained the Latin understanding only = briefly, I will=20 leave its detailed presentation and refutation until we are assembled = together=20 in council. These so-called bishops thus introduced this foul teaching, = together=20 with other impermissible innovations, among the simple and = newly-baptised=20 Bulgarian people. This news cut us to the heart. How can we not grieve = when we=20 see before our eyes the fruit of our womb, the child to whom we gave = birth=20 through the Gospel of Christ, being rent asunder by beasts? He who by = his sweat=20 and suffering raised them and perfected them in the Faith, suffers the = greatest=20 pain and sorrow upon the destruction of his children. Therefore, we = mourn for=20 our spiritual children, and we will not cease from mourning. For we will = not=20 give sleep to our eyes until, to the extent that lies in our power, we = return=20 them to the House of the Lord.

Now, concerning these forerunners of apostasy, common = pests and=20 servants of the enemy, we, by divine and synodal decree, condemn them as = impostors and enemies of God. It is not as though we were just now = pronouncing=20 judgement upon them, but rather, we now declare openly the condemnation = ordained=20 by the ancient synods and Apostolic Canons. If they stubbornly persist = in their=20 error, we will exclude them from the communion of all Christians. They=20 introduced fasting on Saturdays, although that is prohibited by the 64th = Apostolic Canon which states: If some cleric is found fasting on = Sundays or=20 Saturdays except the one Great Saturday before Pascha, let him be = removed from=20 the ranks of the clergy, and if he be a layman, let him be = excommunicated.=20 Similarly, by the 56th canon of the holy Fourth Ecumenical Synod which = states:=20 Since we have learnt that in the city of Old Rome some, during the = Great=20 Fast, in opposition to the ecclesiastical order handed down to us, keep = the fast=20 even on Saturdays, the holy Ecumenical Synod orders that in the Church = of Old=20 Rome the Apostolic Canon which prohibits fasting on Saturdays and = Sundays is to=20 be followed exactly.

Similarly, there is a canon of the regional synod of = Gangra which=20 anathematises those who do not recognise married priests. This was = confirmed by=20 the holy Sixth Ecumenical Synod, which condemned those who require that = priests=20 and deacons cease to cohabit with their lawful wives after their = ordination.=20 Such a custom was being introduced even then by the Church of Old Rome. = That=20 Synod reminded the Church of Old Rome of the evangelical teaching and of = the=20 canon and polity of the Apostles, and ordered it not to insult the holy=20 institution of Christian marriage established by God Himself. But even = if we did=20 not cite all these and other innovations of the Latins, the mere citing = of their=20 addition of the Filioque phrase to the Nicene Symbol of Faith = would be=20 sufficient to subject them to a thousand anathemas. For that innovation=20 blasphemes the Holy Spirit, or more correctly, the entire Holy = Trinity.

Having presented this matter before our brotherhood in = the Lord,=20 according to the ancient custom of the Church, we invite and ask you to = come and=20 join in council with us, for the purpose of condemning these foul and = Godless=20 teachings. Do not abandon the order established by the Holy Fathers = which they,=20 by their acts and deeds, handed down to us as a legacy to preserve. = Rather,=20 straightway send your representatives and deputies, adorned with piety = and the=20 priestly rank and by the goodness of their life and words, and by common = synodal=20 decree this new rot of evil belief will be excised from the Church. Once = we have=20 rooted out this godlessness, we can hope the newly-baptised Bulgarian = people=20 will return to the Faith they first accepted. And not only the Bulgarian = people,=20 but also all of the formerly terrible people, the so-called Rus, for = even now=20 they are abandoning their heathen faith and are converting to = Christianity,=20 receiving from us bishops and pastors as well as all Christian customs.=20 Consequently, if you now move to help erase this newly begun evil, then = the=20 flock of Christ will yet more increase and the Apostolic learning will = reach the=20 ends of the world. With this purpose, then, send your representatives = and=20 deputies equipped with the authority of the Apostolic thrones which you=20 inherited by the Holy Spirit, so that these and all other matters may be = brought=20 to judgement by lawful authority.

From the Italian region, we have received a synodal = letter citing=20 many grave matters against the bishop of Old Rome. Accordingly, the = Orthodox=20 there ask us to free them from his great tyranny, for in that area = sacred law is=20 being scorned and Church order trampled. We were told this earlier by = monks who=20 came to us from there, and now we have received many letters stating = frightening=20 news about that region and asking us to relay their message to all the = bishops=20 and to the Apostolic Patriarchs as well. For that reason, I communicate = to you=20 their request by way of this epistle. Once a holy and ecumenical = Christian synod=20 has been assembled, it will fall upon us together to resolve all these = matters=20 with the help of God and according to the rules of previous Synods, that = in so=20 doing, a deep peace may again prevail in the Church of Christ.

Moreover, it is necessary to confirm the holy Seventh = Ecumenical=20 Synod, to the end that all the faithful in the Church everywhere reckon = and=20 include that Synod as Ecumenical together with the other six. For we = have heard=20 that in some places it is not yet so counted, although its decisions are = accepted and honoured. This was the Synod that overcame and destroyed = the great=20 heretical godlessness of iconoclasm. Representatives of the other four=20 patriarchates attended its sessions. After they were all assembled, = together=20 with our uncle, the most Tarasius, Archbishop of New Rome, this great = and=20 ecumenical synod crushed the Antichrist's blasphemous heresy. Therefore, = this=20 Synod must be declared and numbered with the six preceding ones, so as = to show=20 the union of Christ's Church and deny the godless iconoclasts of the = claim that=20 their heresy was condemned by only one throne. Thus do we seek and = propose as=20 brother to brethren, and we dutifully beseech your Holinesses and also = ask that=20 you remember our humble self in your prayers.

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