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The Second Apology of Justin

For the Christians; Addressed to the Roman = Senate

The Second = Apology of=20 Justin

For the = Christians;=20 Addressed to the Roman Senate

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Romans, the things which have recently1=20 happened in your city under Urbicus,2=20 and the things which are likewise being everywhere unreasonably done by = the=20 governors, have compelled me to frame this composition for your sakes, = who are=20 men of like passions, and brethren, though ye know it not, and though ye = be=20 unwilling to acknowledge it on account of your glorying in what you = esteem=20 dignities.3=20 For everywhere, whoever is corrected by father, or neighbour, or child, = or=20 friend, or brother, or husband, or wife, for a fault, for being hard to = move,=20 for loving pleasure and being hard to urge to what is right (except = those who=20 have been persuaded that the unjust and intemperate shall be punished in = eternal=20 fire, but that the virtuous and those who lived like Christ shall dwell = with God=20 in a state that is free from suffering,-we mean, those who have become=20 Christians), and the evil demons, who hate us, and who keep such men as = these=20 subject to themselves, and serving them in the capacity of judges, = incite them,=20 as rulers actuated by evil spirits, to put us to death. But that the = cause of=20 all that has taken place under Urbicus may become quite plain to you, I = will=20 relate what has been done.

A certain woman lived with an intemperate4=20 husband; she herself, too, having formerly been intemperate. But when = she came=20 to the knowledge of the teachings of Christ she became sober-minded, and = endeavoured to persuade her husband likewise to be temperate, citing the = teaching of Christ, and assuring him that there shall be punishment in = eternal=20 fire inflicted upon those who do not live temperately and conformably to = right=20 reason. But he, continuing in the same excesses, alienated his wife from = him by=20 his actions. For she, considering it wicked to live any longer as a wife = with a=20 husband who sought in every way means of indulging in pleasure contrary = to the=20 law of nature, and in violation of what is right, wished to be divorced = from=20 him. And when she was overpersuaded by her friends, who advised her = still to=20 continue with him, in the idea that some time or other her husband might = give=20 hope of amendment, she did violence to her own feeling and remained with = him.=20 But when her husband had gone into Alexandria, and was reported to be = conducting=20 himself worse than ever, she-that she might not, by continuing in = matrimonial=20 connection with him, and by sharing his table and his bed, become a = partaker=20 also in his wickednesses and impieties-gave him what you call a bill of=20 divorce,5=20 and was separated from him. But this noble husband of hers,-while he = ought to=20 have been rejoicing that those actions which formerly she unhesitatingly = committed with the servants and hirelings, when she delighted in = drunkenness and=20 every vice, she had now given up, and desired that he too should give up = the=20 same,-when she had gone from him without his desire, brought an = accusation=20 against her, affirming that she was a Christian. And she presented a = paper to=20 thee, the Emperor,6=20 requesting that first she be permitted to arrange her affairs, and = afterwards to=20 make her defence against the accusation, when her affairs were set in = order. And=20 this you granted. And her quondam husband, since he was now no longer = able to=20 prosecute her, directed his assaults against a man, Ptolemaeus, whom = Urbicus=20 punished, and who had been her teacher in the Christian doctrines. And = this he=20 did in the following way. He persuaded a centurion- who had cast = Ptolemaeus into=20 prison, and who was friendly to himself-to take Ptolemaeus and = interrogate him=20 on this sole point: whether he were a Christian? And Ptolemaeus, being a = lover=20 of truth, and not of a deceitful or false disposition, when he confessed = himself=20 to be a Christian, was bound by the centurion, and for a long time = punished in=20 the prison And, at last, when the man7=20 came to Urbicus, he was asked this one question only: whether he was a=20 Christian? And again, being conscious of his duty, and the nobility of = it=20 through the teaching of Christ, he confessed his discipleship in the = divine=20 virtue. For he who denies anything either denies it because he condemns = the=20 thing itself, or he shrinks from confession because he is conscious of = his own=20 unworthiness or alienation from it, neither of which cases is that of = the true=20 Christian. And when Urbicus ordered him to be led away to punishment, = one=20 Lucius, who was also himself a Christian, seeing the unreasonable = judgment that=20 had thus been given, said to Urbicus: "What is the ground of this = judgment? Why=20 have you punished this man, not as an adulterer, nor fornicator. nor = murderer,=20 nor thief, nor robber, nor convicted of any crime at all, but who has = only=20 confessed that he is called by the name of Christian? This judgment of = yours, O=20 Urbicus, does not become the Emperor Pius, nor the philosopher, the son = of=20 Caesar, nor the sacred senate."8=20 And he said nothing else in answer to Lucius than this: "You also seem = to me to=20 be such an one." And when Lucius answered, "Most certainly I am," he = again=20 ordered him also to be led away. And he professed his thanks, knowing = that he=20 was delivered from such wicked rulers, and was going to the Father and = King of=20 the heavens. And still a third having come forward, was condemned to be=20 punished.

I too, therefore, expect to be plotted against and fixed to the = stake, by=20 some of those I have named, or perhaps by Crescens, that lover of = bravado and=20 boasting;9=20 for the man is not worthy of the name of philosopher who publicly hears = witness=20 against us in matters which he does not understand, saying that the = Christians=20 are atheists and impious, and doing so to win favour with the deluded = mob, and=20 to please them. For if he assails us without having read the teachings = of=20 Christ, he is thoroughly depraved, and far worse than the illiterate, = who often=20 refrain from discussing or bearing false witness about matters they do = not=20 understand. Or, if he has read them and does not understand the majesty = that is=20 in them, or, understanding it, acts thus that he may not be suspected of = being=20 such [a Christian], he is far more base and thoroughly depraved, being = conquered=20 by illiberal and unreasonable opinion and fear. For I would have you to = know=20 that I proposed to him certain questions on this subject, and = interrogated him,=20 and found most convincingly that he, in truth, knows nothing. And to = prove that=20 I speak the truth, I am ready, if these disputations have not been = reported to=20 you, to conduct them again in your presence. And this would be an act = worthy of=20 a prince. But if my questions and his answers have been made known to = you, you=20 are already aware that he is acquainted with none of our matters; or, if = he is=20 acquainted with them, but, through fear of those who might hear him, = does not=20 dare to speak out, like Socrates, he proves himself, as I said before, = no=20 philosopher, but an opinionative man;10=20 at least he does not regard that Socratic and most admirable saying: = "But a man=20 must in no wise be honoured before the truth."11=20 But it is impossible for a Cynic, who makes indifference his end, to = know any=20 good but indifference.

But lest some one say to us, "Go then all of you and kill yourselves, = and=20 pass even now to God, and do not trouble us," I will tell you why we do = not so,=20 but why, when examined, we fearlessly confess. We have been taught that = God did=20 not make the world aimlessly, but for the sake of the human race; and we = have=20 before stated that He takes pleasure in those who imitate His = properties, and is=20 displeased with those that embrace what is worthless either in word or = deed. If,=20 then, we all kill ourselves we shall become the cause, as far as in us = lies, why=20 no one should be born, or instructed in the divine doctrines, or even = why the=20 human race should not exist; and we shall, if we so act, be ourselves = acting in=20 opposition to the will of God. But when we are examined, we make no = denial,=20 because we are not conscious of any evil, but count it impious not to = speak the=20 truth in all things, which also we know is pleasing to God, and becuase = we are=20 also now very desirous to deliver you from an unjust prejudice.

But if this idea take possession of some one, that if we acknowledge = God as=20 our helper, we should not, as we say, be oppressed and persecuted by the = wicked;=20 this, too, I will solve. God, when He had made the whole world, and = subjected=20 things earthly to man, and arranged the heavenly elements for the = increase of=20 fruits and rotation of the seasons, and appointed this divine law-for = these=20 things also He evidently made for man-committed the care of men and of = all=20 things under heaven to angels whom He appointed over them. But the = angels=20 transgressed this appointment, and were captivated by love of women, and = begat=20 children who are those that are called demons; and besides, they = afterwards=20 subdued the human race to themselves, partly by magical writings, and = partly by=20 fears and the punishments they occasioned, and partly by teaching them = to offer=20 sacrifices, and incense, and libations, of which things they stood in = need after=20 they were enslaved by lustful passions; and among men they sowed = murders, wars,=20 adulteries, intemperate deeds, and all wickedness. Whence also the poets = and=20 mythologists, not knowing that it was the angels and those demons who = had been=20 begotten by them that did these things to men, and women, and cities, = and=20 nations, which they related, ascribed them to god himself, and to those = who were=20 accounted to be his very offspring, and to the offspring of those who = were=20 called his brother), Neptune and Pluto, and to the children again of = these their=20 offspring. For whatever name each of the angels had given to himself and = his=20 children, by that name they called them.

But to the Father of all, who is unbegotten there is no name given. = For by=20 whatever name He be called, He has as His elder the person who gives Him = the=20 name. But these words Father, and God, and Creator, and Lord, ant = Master, are=20 not names, but appellations derived from His good deeds and functions. = And Hi;=20 Son, who alone is properly called Son, the Word who also was with Him = and was=20 begotten before the works. when at first He created and arranged all = things by=20 Him, is called Christ, in reference to His being anointed and God's = ordering all=20 thing; through Him; this name itself also containing an unknown = significance; as=20 also the appellation "God" is not a name, but an opinion implanted in = the nature=20 of men of a thing that can hardly be explained. But "Jesus," His name as = man and=20 Saviour, has also significance. For He was made man also, as we before = said,=20 having been conceived according to the will of God the Father, for the = sake of=20 believing men, and for the destruction of the demons. And now you can = learn this=20 from what is under your own observation. For numberless demoniacs = throughout the=20 whole world, and in your city, many of our Christian men exorcising them = in the=20 name of Jesus Christ, who was crucified under Pontius Pilate, have = healed and do=20 heal, rendering helpless and driving the possessing devils out of the = men,=20 though they could not be cured by all the other exorcists, and those who = used=20 incantations and drugs.

Wherefore God delays causing the confusion and destruction of the = whole=20 world, by which the wicked angels and demons and men shall cease to = exist,=20 because of the seed of the Christians, who know that they are the cause = of=20 preservation in nature.12=20 Since, if it were not so, it would not have been possible for you to do = these=20 things, and to be impelled by evil spirits; but the fire of judgment = would=20 descend and utterly dissolve all things, even as formerly the flood left = no one=20 but him only with his family who is by us called Noah, and by you = Deucalion,=20 from whom again such vast numbers have sprung, some of them evil and = others=20 good. For so we say that there will be the conflagration, hut not as the = Stoics,=20 according to their doctrine of all things being changed into one = another, which=20 seems most degrading. But neither do we affirm that it is by fate that = men do=20 what they do, or suffer what they suffer, but that each man by free = choice acts=20 rightly or sins; and that it is by the influence of the wicked demons = that=20 earnest men, such as Socrates and the like, suffer persecution and are = in bonds,=20 while Sardanapalus, Epicurus, and the like, seem to be blessed in = abundance and=20 glory. the Stoics, not observing this, maintained that all things take = place=20 according to the necessity of fate. But since God in the beginning made = the race=20 of angels and men with free-will, they will justly suffer in eternal = fire the=20 punishment of whatever sins they have committed. And this is the nature = of all I=20 that is made, to be capable of vice and virtue. For neither would any of = them be=20 praiseworthy unless there were power to turn to both [virtue and vice]. = And this=20 also is shown by those men everywhere who have made laws and = philosophized=20 according to right reason, by their prescribing to do some things and = refrain=20 from others. Even the Stoic philosophers, in their doctrine of morals, = steadily=20 honour the same things, so that it is evident that they are not very = felicitous=20 in what they say about principles and incorporeal things. For if they = say that=20 human actions come to pass by fate, they will maintain either that God = is=20 nothing else than the things which are ever turning, and altering, and=20 dissolving into the same things, and will appear to have had a = comprehension=20 only of things that are destructible, and to have looked on God Himself = as=20 emerging both in part and in whole in every wickedness;13=20 or that neither vice nor virtue is anything; which is contrary to every = sound=20 idea, reason, and sense.

And those of the Stoic school-since, so far as their moral teaching = went,=20 they were admirable, as were also the poets in some particulars, on = account of=20 the seed of reason [the Logos] implanted in every race of men-were, we = know,=20 hated and put to death,-Heraclitus for instance, and, among those of our = own=20 time, Musonius and others. For, as we intimated, the devils have always=20 effected, that all those who anyhow live a reasonable and earnest life, = and shun=20 vice, be hated. And it is nothing wonderful; if the devils are proved to = cause=20 those to be much worse hated who live not according to a part only of = the word=20 diffused [among men] but by the knowledge and contemplation of the whole = Word,=20 which is Christ. And they, having been shut up in eternal fire, shall = suffer=20 their just punishment and penalty. For if they are even now overthrown = by men=20 through the name of Jesus Christ, this is an intimation of the = punishment in=20 eternal fire which is to be inflicted on themselves and those who serve = them. I=20 or thus did both all the prophets foretell, and our own teacher Jesus=20 teach.14=20

And that no one may say what is said by those who are deemed = philosophers,=20 that our assertions that the wicked are punished in eternal fire are big = words=20 and bugbears, and that we wish men to live virtuously through fear, and = not=20 because such a life is good and pleasant; I will briefly reply to this, = that if=20 this be not so, God does not exist; or, if He exists, He cares not for = men, and=20 neither virtue nor vice is anything, and, as we said before, lawgivers = unjustly=20 punish those who transgress good commandments. But since these are not = unjust,=20 and their Father teaches them by the word to do the same things as Him = self,=20 they who agree with them are not unjust. And if one object that the laws = of men=20 are diverse, and say that with some, one thing is considered good, = another evil,=20 while with others what seemed bad to the former is esteemed good, and = what=20 seemed good is esteemed bad, let him listen to what we say to this. We = know that=20 the wicked angels appointed laws conformable to their own wickedness, in = which=20 the men who are like them delight; and the right Reason,15=20 when He came, proved that not all opinions nor all doctrines are good, = but that=20 some are evil, while others are good. Wherefore, I will declare the same = and=20 similar things to such men as these, and, if need be, they shall be = spoken of=20 more at large. But at present I return to the subject.

Our doctrines, then, appear to be greater than all human teaching; = because=20 Christ, who appeared for our sakes, became the whole rational being, = both body,=20 and reason, and soul. For I whatever either lawgivers or philosophers = uttered=20 well, they elaborated by finding and contemplating some part of the = Word. Put=20 since they I did not know the whole of the Word, which is Christ, they = often=20 contradicted themselves. And those who by human birth were more ancient = I than=20 Christ, when they attempted to consider and prove things by reason, were = brought=20 before the tribunals as impious persons and busybodies. And Socrates, = who was=20 more zealous in this direction than all of them, was accused of the very = same=20 crimes as ourselves. For they said that he was introducing new = divinities, and=20 did not consider those to be gods whom the state recognized. I But he = cast out=20 from the state troth Homer16=20 and the rest of the poets, and taught men to reject the wicked demons = and those=20 who did the things which the poets related; and he exhorted them to = become=20 acquainted with the God who was to them unknown, by means of the = investigation=20 of reason, saying, "That it is neither easy to find the Father and Maker = of all,=20 nor, having found Him, is it safe to declare Him to all."17=20 But these things our Christ did through His own power. For no one = trusted in=20 Socrates so as to die for this doctrine, but in Christ, who was = partially known=20 even by Socrates (for He was and is the Word who is in every man, and = who=20 foretold the things that were to come to pass both through the prophets = and in=20 His own person when He was made of like passions, and taught these = things), not=20 only philosophers and scholars believed, but also artisans and people = entirely=20 uneducated, despising both glory, and fear, and death; since Me is a = power of=20 the ineffable Father, not the mere instrument of human reason.18=20

But neither should we be put to death, nor would wicked men and = devils be=20 more powerful than we, were not death a debt due by every man that is = born.=20 Wherefore we give thanks when we pay this debt. And we judge it right = and=20 opportune to tell here, for the sake of Crescens and those who rave as = he does,=20 what is related by Xenophon. Hercules, says Xenophon, coming to a place = where=20 three ways met, found Virtue and Vice, who appeared to him in the form = of women:=20 Vice, in a luxurious dress, and with a seductive expression rendered = blooming by=20 such ornaments, and her eves of a quickly melting tenderness,19=20 said to Hercules that if he would follow her, she would always enable = him to=20 pass his life in pleasure and adorned with the most graceful ornaments, = such as=20 were then upon her own person; and Virtue, who was of squalid look and = dress,=20 said, But if you obey me, you shall adorn yourself not with ornament nor = beauty=20 that passes away and perishes, but with everlasting and precious graces. = And we=20 are persuaded that every one who flees those things that seem to be = good, and=20 follows hard after what are reckoned difficult and strange, enters into=20 blessedness. For Vice, when by imitation of what is incorruptible (for = what is=20 really incorruptible she neither has nor can produce) she has thrown = around her=20 own actions, as a disguise, the properties of virtue, and qualities = which are=20 really excellent? leads captive earthly-minded men, attaching to Virtue = her own=20 evil properties. But those who understood the excellences which belong = to that=20 which is real, are also uncorrupt in virtue. And this every sensible = person=20 ought to think both of (Christians and of the athletes, and of those who = d did=20 what the poets relate of the so-called gods, concluding as much from our = contempt of death, even when it could be escaped.20=20

For I myself, too, when I was delighting in the doctrines of Plato, = and heard=20 the Christians slandered, and saw them fearless of death, and of all=20 other-things which arc counted fearful, Perceived that It was impossible = that=20 they Could be livings in wickedness and pleasure. For what sensual or=20 intemperate man, or who that counts it good to feast on human = flesh,21=20 could welcome death that he might be deprived of his enjoyments, and = would not=20 rather continue always the present life, and attempt to escape the = observation=20 of the rulers; and much less would he denounce himself when the = consequence=20 would be death? This also the wicked demons have now caused to be done = by evil=20 men. For having put some to death on account of the accusations falsely = brought=20 against us, they also dragged to the torture our domestics, either = children or=20 weak women, and by dreadful torments forced them to admit those fabulous = actions=20 which they themselves openly perpetrate; about which we are the less = concerned,=20 because none of these actions are really ours, and we have the = unbegotten and=20 ineffable God as witness both of our thoughts and deeds. For why did we = not even=20 publicly profess that these were the things which we esteemed good, and = prove=20 that these are the divine philosophy, saying that the mysteries of = Saturn are=20 performed when we slay a man, and that when we drink our fill of blood, = as it is=20 said we do, we are doing what you do before that idol you honour, and on = which=20 you sprinkle the blood not only of irrational animals, but also of men, = making a=20 libation of the blood of the slain by the hand of the most illustrious = and noble=20 man among you ? And imitating Jupiter and the other gods in sodomy and = shameless=20 intercourse with woman, might we not bring as our apology the writings = of=20 Epicurus and the poets ? But because we persuade men to avoid such = instruction,=20 and all who practise them and imitate such examples, as now in this = discourse we=20 have striven to persuade you, we are assailed in every kind of way. But = we are=20 not concerned, since we know that God is a just observer of all. But = would that=20 even now some one would mount a lofty rostrum, and shout with a loud=20 voice;22=20 "Be ashamed, be ashamed, ye who charge the guiltless with those deeds = which=20 yourselves openly could commit, and ascribe things which apply to = yourselves and=20 to your gods to those who have not even the slightest sympathy with = them. Be ye=20 converted; become wise."

For I myself, when I discovered tile wicked keel disguise which tile = evil=20 spirits had thrown around the divine doctrines of the Christians, to = turn aside=20 others from joining them laughed both at those who framed these = falsehoods, and=20 at the disguise itself and at popular opinion and I confess that I both = boast=20 and with all my strength strive to be found a Christian; not because the = teachings of Plato are different from those of Christ, but because they = are not=20 in all respects similar, as neither are those of the others, Stoics, and = poets,=20 and historians. For each man spoke well in proportion to the share he = had of the=20 spermatic word,23=20 seeing what was related to it. Rut they who contradict themselves on the = more=20 important points appear not to have possessed the heavenly24=20 wisdom, and the knowledge which cannot be spoken against. Whatever = things were=20 rightly said among all men, are the property of us Christians. For next = to God,=20 we worship and love the Word who is from the unbegotten and ineffable = God, since=20 also He became man for our sakes, that becoming a partaker of our = sufferings, He=20 might also bring us healing. For all the writers were able to see = realities=20 darkly through the sowing of the implanted word that was in them. For = the seed=20 and imitation impacted according to capacity is one thing, and quite = another is=20 the thing itself, of which there is the participation and imitation = according to=20 the grace which is from Him.

And we therefore pray you to publish this little book, appending what = you=20 think right, that our opinions may he known to others, and that these = persons=20 may have a fair chalice of being freed from erroneous notions and = ignorance of=20 good, who by their own fault are become subject to punishment; that so = these=20 things may be published to men, because it is in the nature of man to = know good=20 and evil; and by their condemning us, whom they do not understand, for = actions=20 which they say are wicked, and by delighting in the gods who did such = things,=20 and even now require similar actions from men, and by inflicting on us = death or=20 bonds or some other such punishment, as if we were guilty of these = things, they=20 condemn themselves, so that there is no need of other judges.

And I despised the wicked and deceitful doctrine of Simon25=20 of my own nation. And if you give this book your authority, we will = expose him=20 before all, that, if possible, they may be converted. For this end alone = did we=20 compose this treatise. And our doctrines are not shameful, according to = a sober=20 judgment, but are indeed more lofty than all human philosophy: and if = not so,=20 they are at least unlike the doctrines of the Sotadists, and = Philaenidians, and=20 Dancers, and Epicureans, and such other teachings of the poets, which = all are=20 allowed to acquaint themselves with both as acted and as written. And = henceforth=20 we shall be silent, having done as much as we could, and having added = the prayer=20 that all men everywhere may be counted worthy of the truth. And would = that you=20 also, in a manner becoming piety and philosophy,26=20 would for your own sakes judge justly!

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