From: Subject: The Longer Catechism of The Orthodox, Catholic, Eastern Church Date: Wed, 20 Jun 2007 20:54:53 -0500 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0000_01C7B37D.4031FC10" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.3138 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C7B37D.4031FC10 Content-Type: text/html; charset="utf-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.pravoslavieto.com/docs/eng/Orthodox_Catechism_of_Philaret.htm =EF=BB=BF The Longer Catechism of The Orthodox, Catholic, = Eastern Church

 

 

The Longer Catechism of = The Orthodox,=20 Catholic, Eastern Church

also known as the Catechism of St. Philaret (Drozdov) of Moscow =
(=D0=A1=D0=B2.=20 =D0=A4=D0=B8=D0=BB=D0=B0=D1=80=D0=B5=D1=82, = =D0=9C=D0=B8=D1=82=D1=80=D0=BE=D0=BF=D0=BE=D0=BB=D0=B8=D1=82 = =D0=9C=D0=BE=D1=81=D0=BA=D0=BE=D0=B2=D1=81=D0=BA=D0=B8)

 

=D0=A1=D1=8A=D0=B4=D1=8A=D1=80=D0=B6=D0=B0=D0=BD=D0=B8=D0=B5=D1=82= =D0=BE =D0=BD=D0=B0 =D1=82=D0=BE=D0=B7=D0=B8 = =D0=B4=D0=BE=D0=BA=D1=83=D0=BC=D0=B5=D0=BD=D1=82 =D1=81=D0=B5 = =D0=B3=D0=B5=D0=BD=D0=B5=D1=80=D0=B8=D1=80=D0=B0 =D1=81 = =D0=B1=D0=B5=D0=B7=D0=B2=D1=80=D0=B5=D0=B4=D0=B5=D0=BD =D0=B7=D0=B0 = =D0=92=D0=B0=D1=88=D0=B8=D1=8F=20 =D0=BA=D0=BE=D0=BC=D0=BF=D1=8E=D1=82=D1=8A=D1=80 active content (javascript).

 

Examined and Approved by the Most Holy Governing Synod, and = Published for=20 the Use of Schools, and of all Orthodox Christians, by Order of His = Imperial=20 Majesty (Moscow, at the Synodical Press, 1830.)

3D"St.[The large Russian Catechism of = Philaret,=20 approved by the holy Synod (although omitted by Kimmel in his = Collection, and=20 barely mentioned by Gass in his Greek Symbolics), is now the most = authoritative=20 doctrinal standard of the orthodox Gr=C3=A6co-Russian Church, and has = practically=20 superseded the older Catechism, or Orthodox Confession of Mogila. = Originally=20 composed in Slavono-Russian, it was by authority translated into several = languages. We have before us a Russian edition (Moscow, 1869), a Greek = edition=20 (=CE=A7=CF=81=CE=B9=CF=83=CF=84=CE=B9=CE=B1=CE=BD=CE=B9=CE= =BA =CE=BA=CE=B1=CF=84=E1=BE=BF = =E1=BC=94=CE=BA=CF=84=CE=B1=CF=83=CE=B9=CE=BD = =CE=BA=CE=B1=CF=84=E1=BD=B5=CF=87=CE=B7=CF=83=CE=B9=CF=82 = =CF=84=E1=BF=86=CF=82 = =E1=BD=80=CF=81=CF=91=CE=BF=CE=B4=E1=BD=B9=CE=BE=CE=BF=CF=85, = =CE=BA=CE=B1=CF=91=CE=BF=CE=BB=CE=B9=CE=BA=E1=BF=86=CF=82 = =CE=BA=CE=B1=E1=BD=B6=20 =E1=BC=80=CE=BD=CE=B1=CF=84=CE=BF=CE=B9=CE=BA=E1=BF=86=CF=82 = =E1=BC=90=CE=BA=CE=BA=CE=BB=CE=B7=CF=83=E1=BD=B7=CE=B1=CF=82 = , Odessa, 1848), and a German edition=20 (Ausf=C3=BChrlicher christlicher Katechismus der=20 orthodox-katholischen orientalischen Kirche, St. Petersburg, = 1850).

The English translation here given was prepared by the Rev. R. W. = Blackmore,=20 B.A., formerly chaplain to the Russia Company in Kronstadt, and = published at=20 Aberdeen, 1845, in the work The Doctrine of the Russian Church. = On=20 comparing it with the authorized Greek and German translations, we found = it=20 faithful aud idiomatic. The numbering of Questions, and the difference = in type=20 of Questions and Answers, are ours. In all other editions we have seen, = the=20 Questions are not numbered. As this Catechism has never before appeared = in=20 America, we thought it best to give it in full, although the = Introduction and=20 the First Part would be sufficient for this collection of doctrinal = symbols.=20 Comp. Vol. I. =C2=A7 19, pp. 68-73.]

 

 

INTRODUCTION TO THE ORTHODOX CATECHISM.

Preliminary Instruction.

1. What is an Orthodox Catechism?

An Orthodox Catechism is an instruction in the = orthodox=20 Christian faith, to be taught to every Christian, to enable him to = please God=20 and save his own soul.

2. What is the meaning of the word = Catechism?

It is a Greek word, signifying instruction, or = oral=20 teaching, and has been used ever since the Apostles' times to denote = that=20 primary instruction in the orthodox faith which is needful for every = Christian.=20 Luke i. = 4; Acts = xviii.=20 25.

3. What is necessary in order to please = God and to=20 save one's own soul?

In the first place, a knowledge of the true God, = and a=20 right faith in him; in the second place, a life according to faith, and = good=20 works.

4. Why is faith necessary in the first = place?

Because, as the Word of God testifies, Without = faith it=20 is impossible to please God. Heb. xi. = 6.

5. Why must a life according to faith, = and good=20 works, be inseparable from this faith?

Because, as the Word of God testifies, Faith = without works=20 is dead James ii. = 20.

6. What is faith?

According to the definition of St. Paul, Faith = is the=20 substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen (Heb. xi. = 1); that=20 is, a trust in the unseen as though it were seen, in that which is hoped = and=20 waited for as if it were present.

7. What is the difference between = knowledge and=20 faith?

Knowledge has for its object things visible and=20 comprehensible; faith, things which are invisible, and even = incomprehensible.=20 Knowledge is founded on experience, on examination of its object; but = faith on=20 belief of testimony to truth. Knowledge belongs properly to the = intellect,=20 although it may also act on the heart; faith belongs principally to the = heart,=20 although it is imparted through the intellect.

8. Why is faith, and not knowledge = only, necessary=20 in religious instruction?

Because the chief object of this instruction is = God=20 invisible and incomprehensible, and the wisdom of God hidden in a = mystery;=20 consequently, many parts of this learning can not be embraced by = knowledge, but=20 may be received by faith.

Faith, says St. Cyril of Jerusalem, is = the eye=20 which enlighteneth every man's conscience; it giveth man knowledge. = For, as=20 the prophet says, If ye will not believe, ye shall not = understand. Isa. vii. = 9; Cyr.=20 Cat. v.

9. Can you illustrate further the = necessity of=20 faith?

St. Cyril thus illustrates it:

It is not only amongst us, who hear the name = of Christ,=20 that faith is made so great a thing; but every thing which is done in = the=20 world, even by men who are unconnected with the Church, is done by = faith.=20 Agriculture is founded on faith; for no one who did not believe that = he should=20 gather in the increase of the fruits of the earth would undertake the = labor of=20 husbandry. Mariners are guided by faith when they intrust their fate = to a=20 slight plank, and prefer the agitation of the unstable waters to the = more=20 stable element of the earth. They give themselves up to uncertain=20 expectations, and retain for themselves nothing but faith, to which = they trust=20 more than to any anchors. Cyr. Cat. v.

 

 

On Divine Revelation.

10. Whence is the doctrine of the = orthodox faith=20 derived?

From divine revelation.

11. What is meant by the words divine = revelation?

That which God himself has revealed to men, in = order that=20 they might rightly and savingly believe in him, and worthily honor him. =

12. Has God given such a revelation to = all men?=20

He has given it for all, as being necessary for = all alike,=20 and capable of bringing salvation to all; but, since not all men are = capable of=20 receiving a revelation immediately from God, he has employed special = persons as=20 heralds of his revelation, to deliver it to all who are desirous of = receiving=20 it.

13. Why are not all men capable of receiving a = revelation=20 immediately from God?

Owing to their sinful impurity, and weakness = both in soul=20 and body.

14. Who were the heralds of divine = revelation?

Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, and other Prophets, = received=20 and preached the beginnings of divine revelation; but it was the = incarnate Son=20 of God, our Lord Jesus Christ, who brought it to earth, in its fullness = and=20 perfection, and spread it over all the world by his Disciples and = Apostles.

The Apostle Paul says, in the beginning of his = Epistle to=20 the Hebrews:

God, who at sundry times, and in divers = manners,=20 spake in times past unto the Fathers by the Prophets, hath in these = last days=20 spoken unto us by his Son, whom he hath appointed heir of all things, = by whom=20 also he made the worlds.

The same Apostle writes as follows to the = Corinthians:=20

But we speak the wisdom of God in a = mystery, even the=20 hidden things which God ordained before the world unto our glory, = which none=20 of the princes of this world knew. But God hath revealed them unto us = by his=20 Spirit; for the Spirit searcheth all things, yea, the deep things of = God.=20 1=20 Cor. ii. 7, 8, 10.

The Evangelist John writes in his Gospel:

No man hath seen God at any time; the = only-begotten=20 Son, which is in the bosom of the Father, he hath declared him. John i. = 18.

Jesus Christ himself says:

No man knoweth the Son but the Father; = neither=20 knoweth any man the Father save the Son, and he to whomsoever the Son = will=20 reveal him. Matt. = xi.=20 27.

15. Can not man, then, have any = knowledge of God=20 without a special revelation from him?

Man may have some knowledge of God by = contemplation of=20 those things which he has created; but this knowledge is imperfect and=20 insufficient, and can serve only as a preparation for faith, or as a = help=20 towards the knowledge of God from his revelation.

For the invisible things of him, from the = creation of=20 the world, are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are = made, even=20 his eternal power and Godhead. Rom. i. = 20.

And he hath made of one blood all nations of = men, for=20 to dwell on all the face of the earth; and hath determined the times = before=20 appointed, and the bounds of their habitation; that they should seek the = Lord,=20 if haply they might feel after him, and find him, though he be not far = from=20 every one of us. For in him we live, and move, and have our being. = Acts = xvii.=20 26-28.

With regard to faith in God, it is preceded = by the idea=20 that God is, which idea we get from the things which have been created.=20 Attentively examining the creation of the world, we perceive that God is = wise,=20 powerful, and good; we perceive, also, his invisible properties. By = these means=20 we are led to acknowledge him as the Supreme Ruler. Seeing that God is = the=20 Creator of the whole world, and we form a part of the world, it follows = that God=20 is also our Creator. On this knowledge follows faith, and on faith=20 adoration. (Basil. Magn. Epist. 232.)

 

 

On Holy Tradition and Holy Scripture.

16. How is divine revelation spread = among men and=20 preserved in the true Church?

By two channels--holy tradition and holy = Scripture.

17. What is meant by the name holy=20 tradition?

By the name holy tradition is meant the doctrine = of the=20 faith, the law of God, the sacraments, and the ritual as handed down by = the true=20 believers and worshipers of God by word and example from one to another, = and=20 from generation to generation.

18. Is there any sure repository of = holy tradition?=20

All true believers united by the holy tradition = of the=20 faith, collectively and successively, by the will of God, compose the = Church;=20 and she is the sure repository of holy tradition, or, as St. Paul = expresses it,=20 The Church of the living God, the pillar and ground of the truth. = 1 Tim. = iii.=20 15.

St. Iren=C3=A6us writes thus:

We ought not to seek among others the truth, = which we=20 may have for asking from the Church; for in her, as in a rich = treasure-house,=20 the Apostles have laid up in its fullness all that pertains to the = truth, so=20 that whosoever seeketh may receive from her the food of life. She is = the door=20 of life. (Adv. H=C3=A6res. lib. iii. c. 4.)

19. What is that which you call holy = Scripture?

Certain books written by the Spirit of God = through men=20 sanctified by God, called Prophets and Apostles. These books are = commonly termed=20 the Bible.

20. What does the word Bible = mean?

It is Greek, and means the books. The = name=20 signifies that the sacred books deserve attention before all others. =

21. Which is the more ancient, holy = tradition or=20 holy Scripture?

The most ancient and original instrument for = spreading=20 divine revelation is holy tradition. From Adam to Moses there were no = sacred=20 books. Our Lord Jesus Christ himself delivered his divine doctrine and=20 ordinances to his Disciples by word and example, but not by writing. The = same=20 method was followed by the Apostles also at first, when they spread = abroad the=20 faith and established the Church of Christ. The necessity of tradition = is=20 further evident from this, that books can be available only to a small = part of=20 mankind, but tradition to all.

22. Why, then, was holy Scripture = given?

To this end, that divine revelation might be = preserved=20 more exactly and unchangeably. In holy Scripture we read the words of = the=20 Prophets and Apostles precisely as if we were living with them and = listening to=20 them, although the latest of the sacred books were written a thousand = and some=20 hundred years before our time.

23. Must we follow holy tradition, even = when we=20 possess holy Scripture?

We must follow that tradition which agrees with = the divine=20 revelation and with holy Scripture, as is taught us by holy Scripture = itself.=20 The Apostle Paul writes: Therefore, brethren, stand fast, and hold = the=20 traditions which ye have been taught, whether by word or our = epistle. 2 = Thess. ii.=20 15.

24. Why is tradition necessary even = now?

As a guide to the right understanding of holy = Scripture,=20 for the right ministration of the sacraments, and the preservation of = sacred=20 rites and ceremonies in the purity of their original institution.

St. Basil the Great says of this as follows: =

Of the doctrines and injunctions kept by the = Church,=20 some we have from written instruction. but some we have received from, = apostolical tradition, by succession in private. Both the former and = the=20 latter have one and the same force for piety, and this will be = contradicted by=20 no one who has ever so little knowledge in the ordinances of the = Church; for=20 were we to dare to reject unwritten customs, as if they had no great=20 importance, we should insensibly mutilate the Gospel, even in the most = essential points, or, rather, for the teaching of the Apostles leave = but an=20 empty name. For instance, let us mention before all else the very = first and=20 commonest act of Christians, that they who trust in the name of our = Lord Jesus=20 Christ should sign themselves with the sign of the cross--who hath = taught this=20 by writing? To turn to the east in prayer--what Scripture have we for = this?=20 The words of invocation in the change of the Eucharistic bread and of = the Cup=20 of blessing--by which of the Saints have they been left us in writing? = for we=20 are not content with those words which the Apostle or the Gospel = records, but=20 both before them and after them, we pronounce others also, which we = hold to be=20 of great force for the sacrament, though we have received them from = unwritten=20 teaching. By what Scripture is it, in like manner, that we bless the = water of=20 baptism, the oil of unction, and the person himself who is baptized? = Is it not=20 by a silent and secret tradition? What more? The very practice itself = of=20 anointing with oil--what written word have we for it? Whence is the = rule of=20 trine immersion? and the rest of the ceremonies at baptism, the = renunciation=20 of Satan and his angels?--from what Scripture are they taken? Are they = not all=20 from this unpublished and private teaching, which our Fathers kept = under a=20 reserve inaccessible to curiosity and profane disquisition, having = been taught=20 as a first principle to guard by silence the sanctity of the = mysteries? for=20 how were it fit to publish in writing the doctrine of those things, on = which=20 the unbaptized may not so much as look? (Can. xcvii. De Spir. Sanct. = c.=20 xxvii.)

 

 

On Holy Scripture in Particular.

25. When were the sacred books written? =

At different times: some before the birth of = Christ,=20 others after.

26. Have not these two divisions of the = sacred=20 books each their own names?

They have. Those written before the birth of = Christ are=20 called the books of the Old Testament, while those written after = are=20 called the books of the New Testament.

27. What are the Old and New=20 Testaments?

In other words, the old and new Covenants of God = with=20 men.

28. In what consisted the Old = Testament?

In this, that God promised men a divine Saviour, = and=20 prepared them to receive him.

29. How did God prepare men to receive = the Saviour?=20

Through gradual revelations, by prophecies and = types.

30. In what consists the New = Testament?

In this, that God has actually given men a = divine Saviour,=20 his own only-begotten Son, Jesus Christ.

31. How many are the books of the Old = Testament?=20

St. Cyril of Jerusalem, St. Athanasius the = Great, and St.=20 John Damascene reckon them at twenty-two, agreeing therein with = the Jews,=20 who so reckon them in the original Hebrew tongue. (Athanas. Ep. xxxix. = De Test.;=20 J. Damasc. Theol. lib. iv. c. 17.)

32. Why should we attend to the = reckoning of the=20 Hebrews?

Because, as the Apostle Paul says, unto them = were=20 committed the oracles of God; and the sacred books of the Old = Testament have=20 been received from the Hebrew Church of that Testament by the Christian = Church=20 of the New. Rom. iii. = 2.

33. How do St. Cyril and St. Athanasius = enumerate=20 the books of the Old Testament?

As follows: 1, The book of Genesis; 2, Exodus; = 3,=20 Leviticus; 4, the book of Numbers; 5, Deuteronomy; 6, the book of Jesus = the son=20 of Nun; 7, the book of Judges, and with it, as an appendix, the book of = Ruth; 8,=20 the first and second books of Kings, as two parts of one book; 9, the = third and=20 fourth books of Kings; 10, the first and second books of Paralipomena; = 11, the=20 first book of Esdras, and the second, or, as it is entitled in Greek, = the book=20 of Nehemiah; 12, the book of Esther; 13, the book of Job; 14, the = Psalms; 15,=20 the Proverbs of Solomon; 16, Ecclesiastes, also by Solomon; 17, the Song = of=20 Songs, also by Solomon; 18, the book of the Prophet Isaiah; 19, of = Jeremiah; 20,=20 of Ezekiel; 21, of Daniel; 22, of the Twelve Prophets.

34. Why is there no notice taken in = this=20 enumeration of the books of the Old Testament of the book of the Wisdom = of the=20 son of Sirach, and of certain others?

Because they do not exist in the Hebrew.

35. How are we to regard these = last-named books?=20

Athanasius the Great says that they have been = appointed of=20 the Fathers to be read by proselytes who are preparing for admission = into the=20 Church.

36. Is there any division of the books = of the Old=20 Testament by which you can give a more distinct account of their = contents?

They may be divided into the four following = classes:

Books of the Law, which form the basis of = the Old=20 Testament.

Historical books, which contain = principally the=20 history of religion.

Doctrinal, which contain the doctrine of = religion.=20

Prophetical, which contain prophecies, or = predictions of things future, and especially of Jesus Christ.

37. Which are the books of = the=20 Law?

The five books written by Moses--Genesis, = Exodus,=20 Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.

Jesus Christ himself gives to these books the = general name=20 of the law of Moses. Luke = xxiv.=20 44.

38. What in particular is contained in = the book of=20 Genesis?

The account of the creation of the world and of = man and=20 afterwards the history and ordinances of religion in the first ages of = mankind.=20

39. What is contained in the other four = books of=20 Moses?

The history of religion in the time of the = Prophet Moses,=20 and the Law given through him from God.

40. Which are the historical = books of the=20 Old Testament?

The books of Jesus the son of Nun, Judges, Ruth, = Kings,=20 Paralipomena, the book of Esdras, and the books of Nehemiah and Esther. =

41. Which are the doctrinal?

The book of Job, the Psalms, and the books of = Solomon.=20

42. What should we remark in particular = of the book=20 of Psalms?

This book, together with the doctrine of = religion,=20 contains also allusions to its history, and many prophecies of our = Saviour=20 Christ. It is a perfect manual of prayer and praise, and on this account = is in=20 continual use in the divine service of the Church.

43. Which books are = prophetical?

Those of the Prophets--Isaiah, Jeremiah, = Ezekiel, Daniel,=20 and the twelve others.

44. How many are the books of the New = Testament?=20

Twenty-seven.

45. Are there among these any which = answer to the=20 books of the Law, or form the basis of the New Testament?

Yes. The Gospel, which consists of the = four books=20 of the Evangelists, Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John.

46. What means the word = Gospel?

It is the same as the Greek work = Evangely, and=20 means good or joyful tidings.

47. Of what have we good tidings in the = books=20 called the Gospel?

Of the Divinity of our Lord Jesus Christ, of = his advent=20 and life on earth, of his miracles and saving doctrine, and, finally, of = his=20 death upon the cross, his glorious resurrection, and ascension into = heaven.

48. Why are these books called the = Gospel?

Because man can have no better nor more joyful = tidings=20 than these, of a Divine Saviour and everlasting salvation. For the same = cause,=20 whenever the Gospel is read in the church, it is prefaced and = accompanied by the=20 joyful exclamation, Glory be to thee, O Lord, glory be to thee. =

49. Are any of the books of the New = Testament=20 historical?

Yes. One: the book of the Acts of the holy=20 Apostles.

50. Of what does it give an account? =

Of the descent of the Holy Ghost on the = Apostles, and of=20 the extension through them of Christ's Church.

51. What is an Apostle?

The word means a messenger. It is the = name given=20 to those disciples of our Lord Jesus Christ whom he sent to preach the = Gospel.=20

52. Which books of the New Testament = are=20 doctrinal?

The seven general Epistles: namely, one of the = Apostle=20 James, two of Peter, three of John, and one of Jude; and fourteen = Epistles of=20 the Apostle Paul: namely, one to the Romans, two to the Corinthians, one = to the=20 Galatians, one to the Ephesians, one to the Philippians, one to the = Colossians,=20 two to the Thessalonians, two to Timothy, one to Titus, one to Philemon, = and one=20 to the Hebrews.

53. Are there also among the books of = the New=20 Testament any prophetical?

Such is the book of the Apocalypse.

54. What means this word = Apocalypse?

It is Greek, and means revelation.

55. What are the contents of this book? =

A mystical representation of the future = destinies of the=20 Christian Church; and of the whole world.

56. What rules must we observe in = reading holy=20 Scripture?

First, we must read it devoutly, as the Word of = God, and=20 with prayer to understand it aright; secondly, we must read it with a = pure=20 desire of instruction in faith, and incitement to good works; thirdly, = we must=20 take and understand it in such sense as agrees with the interpretation = of the=20 orthodox Church and the holy Fathers.

57. When the Church proposes the = doctrine of Divine=20 Revelation and of holy Scripture to people for the first time, what = signs does=20 she offer that it is really the Word of God?

Signs of this are the following:

1. The sublimity of this doctrine, which = witnesses that=20 it can not be any invention of man's reason.

2. The purity of this doctrine, which shows = that it is=20 from the all-pure mind of God.

3. Prophecies.

4. Miracles.

5. The mighty effect of this doctrine upon the = hearts of=20 men, beyond all but divine power.

58. In what way are prophecies = signs of a=20 true revelation from God?

This may be shown by an example. When the = Prophet Isaiah=20 foretold the birth of the Saviour Christ from a virgin, a thing which = the=20 natural reason of man could not have so much as imagined, and when, some = hundred=20 years after this prophecy, our Lord Jesus Christ was born of the most = pure=20 Virgin Mary, it was impossible not to see that the prophecy was the word = of the=20 Omniscient, and its fulfillment the work of the Almighty God. Wherefore = also the=20 holy Evangelist Matthew, when relating the birth of Christ, brings = forward the=20 prophecy of Isaiah: But all this was done, that it might be fulfilled = which=20 was spoken of the Lord by the Prophet, saying: Behold a Virgin shall be = with=20 child, and shall bring forth a son, and they shall call his name = Emmanuel,=20 which, being interpreted, is, God with us. = Matt. i.=20 22, 23.

59. What are = miracles?

Acts which can be done by no power or art of = man, but=20 only by the almighty power of God: for example, to raise the dead.

60. How do miracles serve for a sign = that the word=20 spoken is from God?

He who does true miracles works by the power of = God;=20 consequently he is in favor with God, and partaker of the divine Spirit; = but to=20 such it must belong to speak only the pure truth; and so, when such a = man speaks=20 in God's name, we are sure that by his mouth there speaketh really the = Word of=20 God.

On this account our Lord Jesus Christ himself = owns=20 miracles as a powerful testimony to his divine mission: The works = which the=20 Father hath given me to finish, the same works that I do, bear witness = of me,=20 that the father hath sent me. John v. = 36.

61. Whence may we more particularly see = the=20 mighty effect of the doctrine of Christ?

From this: that twelve Apostles, taken from = among poor=20 and unlearned people, of the lowest class, by this doctrine overcame and = subdued=20 to Christ the mighty, the wise, and the rich, kings and their kingdoms. =

The Composition of the Catechism.

62. What may be a good order for = setting forth a=20 catechetical instruction in religion?

For this we may follow the book of the Orthodox = Confession, approved by the Eastern Patriarchs, and take as our basis = the saying=20 of the Apostle Paul, that the whole energies of a Christian, during this = present=20 life, consist in these three: faith, hope, charity. And now abideth = faith,=20 hope, charity; these three. 1 Cor. = xiii.=20 13.

And so the Christian needs: First, Doctrine on=20 faith in God, and on the Sacraments which he reveals; Secondly, = Doctrine=20 on hope towards God, and on the means of being grounded in it; = Thirdly,=20 Doctrine on love to God, and all that he commands us to love. =

63. What does the Church use as her = instrument to=20 introduce us to the doctrine of faith?

The Creed.

64. What may we take as a guide for the = doctrine of=20 hope?

Our Lord's Beatitudes and the Lord's=20 Prayer.

65. Where may we find the elements of = the doctrine=20 of charity?

In the Ten Commandments of the Law of = God.

 

 

THE FIRST PART OF THE ORTHODOX CATECHISM. =

ON FAITH.

 

On the Creed generally, and on its Origin. =

66. What is the Creed?

The Creed is an exposition, in few but precise = words, of=20 that doctrine which all Christians are bound to believe.

67. What are the words, of this = exposition?

They are as follows:

1. I believe in one God the Father, Almighty, = Maker of=20 heaven and earth, and of all things visible and invisible;

2. And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of = God, the=20 only-begotten, begotten of the Father before all worlds, Light of light, = very=20 God of very God, begotten, not made, of one substance with the Father, = by whom=20 all things were made;

3. Who for us men, and for our salvation, = came down=20 from heaven, and was incarnate of the Holy Ghost, and of the Virgin = Mary, and=20 was made man;

4. And was crucified for us, under Pontius = Pilate, and=20 suffered, and was buried;

5. And rose again the third day according to = the=20 Scripture;

6. And ascended into heaven, and sitteth on = the right=20 hand of the Father;

7. And he shall come again with glory to = judge the=20 quick and the dead, whose kingdom shall have no end.

8. And I believe in the Holy Ghost, the = Lord, the=20 Giver of life, who proceedeth from the Father, who with the Father and = the Son=20 together is worshiped and glorified, who spake by the Prophets.

9. I believe one Holy, Catholic, and = Apostolic=20 Church.

10. I acknowledge one baptism for the = remission of=20 sins.

11. I look for the resurrection of the = dead;

12. And the life of the world to come. = Amen.

68. From whom have we this exposition = of the faith?=20

From the Fathers of the first and second = =C5=93cumenical=20 Councils.

69. What is an =C5=93cumenical = Council?

An assembly of the Pastors and Doctors of the = Catholic=20 Church of Christ, as far as possible, from the whole world, for the = confirmation=20 of true doctrine and holy discipline among Christians.

70. How many =C5=93cumenical Councils have = there been?

Seven: 1, Of Nic=C3=A6a; 2, Of Constantinople; = 3, Of Ephesus;=20 4, Of Chalcedon; 5, The second of Constantinople; 6, The third of=20 Constantinople; 7, The second of Nic=C3=A6a.

71. Whence is the rule for assembling = Councils?=20

From the example of the Apostles, who held a = Council in=20 Jerusalem. Acts = xv. This is=20 grounded also upon the words of Jesus Christ himself, which give to the=20 decisions of the Church such weight that whosoever disobeys them is left = deprived of grace as a heathen. But the mean, by which the = =C5=93cumenical Church=20 utters her decisions, is an =C5=93cumenical Council.

Tell it unto the Church; but if he neglect = to hear the=20 Church, let him be unto thee as a heathen man and a publican. Matt. = xviii.=20 17.

72. What were the particular occasions = for=20 assembling the first and second =C5=93cumenical Councils, at which the = Creed was=20 defined?

The first was held for the confirmation of the = true=20 doctrine respecting the Son of God, against the error of Arius, who = thought=20 unworthily of the Son of God; the second, for the confirmation of the = true=20 doctrine respecting the Holy Ghost, against Macedonius, who thought = unworthily=20 of the Holy Ghost.

73. Is it long ago that these Councils = were held?=20

The first was held in the year 325 from the = birth of=20 Christ; the second in 381.

 

 

On the Articles of the Creed.

74. What method shall we follow in = order the better=20 to understand the =C5=93cumenical Creed?

We must notice its division into twelve = articles=20 or parts, and consider each article separately.

75. What is spoken of in each several = article of=20 the Creed?

The first article of the Creed speaks of = God as=20 the prime origin, more particularly of the first Person of the Holy=20 Trinity, God the Father, and of God as the Creator of = the=20 world;

The second article, of the second Person = of the=20 Holy Trinity, Jesus Christ, the Son of God;

The third article, of the incarnation of = the Son=20 of God;

The fourth article, of the suffering and = death of Jesus Christ;

The fifth article, of the resurrection = of Jesus=20 Christ;

The sixth article, of the ascension of = Jesus=20 Christ into heaven;

The seventh article, of the second = coming of Jesus=20 Christ upon earth;

The eighth article, of the third Person = of the=20 Holy Trinity, the Holy Ghost;

The ninth article, of the Church;

The tenth article, of Baptism, under = which are=20 implied the other Sacraments also;

The eleventh article, of the future = resurrection of=20 the dead;

The twelfth article, of the life = everlasting.

 

 

On the First Article.

76. What is it to believe in God?

To believe in God is to have a lively belief of = his=20 being, his attributes, and works; and to receive with all the heart his = revealed=20 Word respecting the salvation of men.

77. Can you show from holy Scripture = that faith in=20 God must consist in this?

The Apostle Paul writes: Without faith it is = impossible to please God; for he that cometh to God must believe that he = is, and=20 that he is a rewarder of them, that diligently seek him. Heb. xi. = 6.

The same Apostle expresses the effect of faith = on=20 Christians in the following prayer for them to God: That he would = grant you,=20 according to the riches of his glory, to be strengthened with might by = his=20 Spirit in the inner man, that Christ may dwell in your hearts by = faith. Ep= h. iii. 16,=20 17.

78. What must be the immediate and = constant effect=20 of a hearty faith in God?

The confession of this same faith.

79. What is the confession of the = faith?

It is openly to avow that we hold the orthodox = faith, and=20 this with such sincerity and firmness that neither seductions, nor = threats, nor=20 tortures, nor death itself may be able to make us deny our faith in the = true God=20 and in our Lord Jesus Christ.

80. For what is the confession of the = faith=20 necessary?

The Apostle Paul witnesses that it is necessary = for=20 salvation. For with the heart man believeth unto righteousness, and = with the=20 mouth confession is made unto salvation. Rom. x. = 10.

81. Why is it necessary to salvation = not only to=20 believe, but also to confess the orthodox faith?

Because if any one, to preserve his temporal = life or=20 earthly goods, shrink from confessing the orthodox faith, he shows = thereby that=20 he has not a true faith in God the Saviour, and the life of happiness to = come.=20

82. Why is it not said in the Creed = simply, I=20 believe in God, rather than with the addition, in one = God?

In order to contradict the error of the = heathen, who,=20 taking the creature for God, thought there were many gods.

83. What does holy Scripture teach us = of the unity=20 of God?

The very words of the Creed on this point are = taken from=20 the following passage of the Apostle Paul: There is none other God = but one.=20 For though there be that are called gods, whether in heaven or on earth, = as=20 there be gods many, and lords many, but to us there is but one God, the = Father,=20 of whom are all things, and we in him; and one Lord Jesus Christ, by = whom are=20 all things, and we by him. 1=20 Cor. viii. 4, 5, 6.

84. Can we know the very essence of = God?

No. It is above all knowledge, not of men only, = but of=20 angels.

85. How does holy Scripture speak on = this point?=20

The Apostle Paul says, that God dwelleth in = the light,=20 which no man can approach unto, whom no man hath seen, nor can see. = 1 Tim. = vi. 16.=20

86. What idea of the essence and = essential=20 attributes of God may be derived from divine revelation?

That God is a Spirit, eternal, all-good, = omniscient,=20 all-just, almighty, omnipresent, unchangeable, all-sufficing to himself, = all-blessed.

87. Show all this from holy = Scripture.

Jesus Christ himself has said that God is a=20 Spirit. John iv. = 24.

Of the eternity of God David says: Before = the=20 mountains were brought forth, or ever the earth and the world were made, = Thou=20 art from everlasting and world without end. Psalm xc. = 2. In the=20 Apocalypse we read the following doxology to God: Holy, Holy, Holy, = Lord God=20 Almighty, which was, and is, and is to come. Apoc. iv. = 8. The=20 Apostle Paul says that the Gospel was made manifest according to the=20 commandment of the everlasting God. Rom. xvi. = 26.

Of the goodness of God Jesus Christ himself = said:=20 There is none good but one, that is God. Matt. = xix. 17.=20 The Apostle John says: God is Love. 1=20 John iv, 16. David sings: The Lord is gracious and = merciful,=20 long-suffering, and of great goodness. The Lord is loving unto every = man, and=20 his mercies are over all his works. Ps= alm cxlv.=20 8, 9.

Of the omniscience of God the Apostle John = says: God=20 is greater than our heart, and knoweth all things. 1 John = iii. 20.=20 The Apostle Paul exclaims: O the depth of the riches both of the = wisdom and=20 knowledge of God! how unsearchable are his judgments, and his ways past = finding=20 out. Rom. xi. = 33.

Of the justice of God David sings: The = righteous Lord=20 loveth righteousness, his countenance will behold the thing that is = just. Psalm xi. = 8. The=20 Apostle Paul says that God will render to every man according to his=20 deeds, and that there is no respect of persons with God. Rom= . ii. 6,=20 11.

Of the almighty power of God the Psalmist says: = He=20 spake, and it was done; he commanded, and it stood fast. Psalm = xxxiii. 9.=20 The archangel says in the Gospel: With God nothing shall be = impossible.=20 Luke i. = 37.

The omnipresence of God David describes thus: = Whither=20 shall I go from thy Spirit? or whither shall I go from thy presence? If = I climb=20 up into heaven, thou art there; if I go down to hell, thou art there = also. If I=20 take the wings of the morning, and remain in the uttermost parts of the = sea,=20 even there shall thy hand lead me, and thy right hand shall hold me. If = I say,=20 Peradventure the darkness shall cover me; then shall my night be turned = to day.=20 Yea, the darkness is no darkness with thee, but the night is as clear as = the=20 day; the darkness and light to thee are both alike. Psalm = cxxxix.=20 6-11.

The Apostle James says that With the Father = of lights=20 there is no variableness, neither shadow of turning. James i. = 17.

The Apostle Paul writes that God receiveth = not worship=20 of men's hands as though he needed any thing, seeing he giveth to all = life, and=20 breath, and all things. Acts = xvii. 25.=20 The same Apostle calls God The blessed and only potentate, the King = of kings=20 and Lord of lords. 1 Tim. = vi.=20 15.

88. If God is a Spirit, how does = holy=20 Scripture ascribe to him bodily parts, as heart, eyes, ears, = hands?

Holy Scripture in this suits itself to the = common=20 language of men; but we are to understand such expressions in a higher = and=20 spiritual sense. For instance, the heart of God means his = goodness or=20 love; eyes and ears mean his omniscience; hands, his almighty=20 power.

89. If God is every where, how do men = say that God=20 is in heaven, or in the church?

God is every where; but in heaven he has a = special=20 presence manifested in everlasting glory to the blessed spirits; also in = churches he has, through grace and sacraments, a special presence = devoutly=20 recognized and felt by believers, and manifested sometimes by = extraordinary=20 signs.

Jesus Christ says: Where two or three are = gathered=20 together in my name, there am I in the midst of them. Matt. = xviii.=20 20.

90. How are we to understand these = words of the=20 Creed, I believe in one God the Father?

This is to be understood with reference to the = mystery of=20 the Holy Trinity; because God is one in substance but trine in = persons--the=20 Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost--a Trinity consubstantial and = undivided.=20

91. How does holy Scripture speak of = the Blessed=20 Trinity?

The chief texts on this point in the New = Testament are=20 the following: Go ye therefore and teach all nations, baptizing them, = in the=20 name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost. Matt. = xxviii. 19.=20 There are three that bear record in heaven--the Father, the Word, and = the=20 Holy Ghost; and these three are one. 1 John v. = 7.

92. Is the Holy Trinity mentioned in = the Old=20 Testament also?

Yes; only not so clearly. For instance: By = the Word of=20 the Lord were the heavens made, and all the hosts of them by the Breath = of his=20 mouth. Psalm = xxxiii. 6.=20 Holy, Holy, Holy is the Lord of Hosts: the whole earth is full of his = glory. Isaiah vi. = 3.

93. How is one God in three Persons? =

We can not comprehend this inner mystery of the = Godhead;=20 but we believe it on the infallible testimony of the Word of God. The = things=20 of God knoweth no man, but the Spirit of God. 1 Cor. = ii.=20 11.

94. What difference is there between the = Persons=20 of the Holy Trinity?

God the Father is neither begotten, nor = proceeds from any=20 other Person: the Son of God is from all eternity begotten of the = Father: the=20 Holy Ghost from all eternity proceeds from the Father.

95. Are the three Hypostases or Persons = of the Most=20 Holy Trinity all of equal majesty?

Yes; all of absolutely equal divine majesty. = The Father=20 is true God, the Son equally true God, and the Holy Ghost true God; but = yet so=20 that in the three Persons there is only one Tri-personal God.

96. Why is God called the = Almighty ( =CE=A0=CE=B1=CE=BD=CF=84=CE=BF=CE=BA=CF=81=E1=BD=B1=CF=84=CE= =BF=CF=81=CE=B1=20 )?

Because he upholds all things by his power and = his will.=20

97. What is expressed by the words of = the Creed,=20 Maker of heaven and earth, and of all things visible and = invisible?

This: that all was made by God, and that = nothing can be=20 without God.

98. Are not these words taken from holy = Scripture?=20

They are. The book of Genesis begins thus: = In the=20 beginning God created the heaven and the earth.

The Apostle Paul, speaking of Jesus Christ, = the Son of=20 God, says: By him were all things created, that are in heaven, and = that are=20 in earth, visible and invisible, whether they be thrones, or dominions, = or=20 principalities, or powers: all things were created by him, and for = him. Coloss. i. = 16.

99. What is meant in the Creed by the = word=20 invisible?

The invisible or spiritual = world, to which=20 belong the angels.

100.  What are the = angels?

Incorporeal spirits, having intelligence, = will, and=20 power.

101.  What means the name = angel?

It means a messenger.

102.  Why are they so called?

Because God sends them to announce his will. = Thus, for=20 instance, Gabriel was sent to announce to the Most Holy Virgin Mary the=20 conception of the Saviour.

103.  Which was created first, the = visible world or the invisible?

The invisible was created before the visible, = and the=20 angels before men. (Orthod. Confess. Pt. I. Q. 18.)

104.  Can we find any testimony to = this in=20 holy Scripture?

In the book of Job God himself speaks of the = earth thus:=20 Who laid the corner-stone thereof? When the stars were CREATED, = all my=20 angels praised me with a loud voice. Jo= b xxxviii.=20 6, 7.

105.  Whence is taken the name of=20 guardian angels?

From the following words of holy Scripture: = He shall=20 give his angels charge over thee, to guard thee in, all thy ways. Psalm xci. = 11.

106.  Has each one of us = his guardian=20 angels?

Without doubt. Of this we may be assured from = the=20 following words of Jesus Christ: Take heed that ye despise not one of = these=20 little ones: for I say unto you, that in heaven their angels do always = behold=20 the face of my Father, which is in heaven. Matt. = xviii.=20 10.

107.  Are all angels good and = beneficent?

No. There are also evil angels, otherwise = called devils.=20

108.  How came they to be evil? =

They were created good, but they swerved from = their duty=20 of perfect obedience to God, and so fell away from him into self-will, = pride,=20 and malice. According to the words of the Apostle Jude, they are the = angels=20 which kept not their first estate, but left their own habitation. Jude = 6.

109.  What means the name = devil?

It means slanderer or deceiver. =

110.  Why Are the evil angels = called devils=20 that is, slanderers or deceivers?

Because they are ever laying snares for men, = seeking to=20 deceive them, and inspire them with false notions and evil wishes.

Of this Jesus Christ, speaking to the = unbelieving Jews,=20 says: Ye are of your father the devil, and the lusts of your father = ye will=20 do. He was a murderer from the beginning, and abode not in the truth, = because=20 there is no truth in him. When he speaketh a lie, he speaketh of his = own, for he=20 is a liar and the father of it. John = viii.=20 44.

111.  What has holy Scripture = revealed to us=20 of the creation of the world?

In the beginning God created from nothing the = heaven and=20 the earth; and the earth was without form and void. Afterwards God = successively=20 produced: on the first day of the world, light; on the = second, the=20 firmament or visible heaven; on the third, the gathering together = of=20 waters on the earth, the dry land, and what grows thereupon; on the=20 fourth, the sun, moon, and stars; on the fifth, fishes and = birds; on=20 the sixth, four-footed creatures living on the earth, and lastly, = man.=20 With man the creation finished; and on the seventh day God rested = from=20 all his works. Hence the seventh day was called the sabbath, = which in the=20 Hebrew tongue means rest. Gen. ii. = 2.

112.  Were the visible creatures = created such=20 as we see them now?

No. At the creation every thing was very = good,=20 that is, pure, beautiful, and harmless.

113.  Are we not informed of = something=20 particular in the creation of man?

God in the Holy Trinity said: Let us make = man in our=20 own image, and after our likeness. Gen. i.=20 26. And God made the body of the first man, Adam, from = the=20 earth; breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; brought him into = Paradise;=20 gave him for food, beside the other fruits of Paradise, the fruit of the = tree of=20 life; and lastly, having taken a rib from Adam while he slept, made from = it the=20 first woman, Eve. Gen. ii. = 22.

114.  In what consists the = image of=20 God?

It consists, as explained by the Apostle Paul, = In=20 righteousness and holiness of truth. Eph. iv. = 24.

115.  What is the breath of = life?

The soul, a substance spiritual and immortal. =

116.  What is Paradise? =

The word Paradise means a garden. It is = the name=20 given to the fair and blissful abode of the first man, described in the = book of=20 Genesis as like a garden.

117.  Was the Paradise in which = man first=20 lived material or spiritual?

For the body it was material, a visible and = blissful=20 abode; but for the soul it was spiritual, a state of communion by grace = with=20 God, and spiritual contemplation of the creatures. (Greg. Theol. Serm, = xxxviii.=20 42; J. Damasc. Theol. lib. ii. cap. 12, =C2=A7 3.)

118.  What was the tree of = life?

A tree, by feeding on whose fruit man would = have been,=20 even in the body, free from disease and death.

119.  Why was Eve made from a = rib of=20 Adam?

To the intent that all mankind might be by = origin=20 naturally disposed to love and defend one another.

120.  With what design did God = create man?=20

With this, that he should know God, love, and = glorify=20 him, and so be happy forever.

121.  Has not that will of God, by = which man=20 is designed for eternal happiness, its own proper name in theology?

It is called the predestination of God. =

122.  Does God's predestination of = man to=20 happiness remain unchanged, seeing that now man is not happy?

It remains unchanged; inasmuch as God, of his=20 foreknowledge and infinite mercy, hath predestined to open for man, even = after=20 his departure from the way of happiness, a new way to happiness, through = his=20 only-begotten Son Jesus Christ.

He hath chosen us, in him, before the = foundation of=20 the world, are the words of the Apostle Paul. Eph. i. = 4.

123.  How are we to understand the = predestination of God, with respect to men in general, and to each man=20 severally?

God has predestined to give to all men, and = has actually=20 given them preparatory grace, and means sufficient for the attainment of = happiness.1

124.  What is said of this by the = Word of God?=20

For whom he did foreknow, he also did=20 predestinate. Rom. viii. = 29.

125.  How does the orthodox Church = speak on=20 this point?

In the exposition of the faith by the Eastern = Patriarchs=20 it is said: As he foresaw that some would use well their free will, = but=20 others ill, he accordingly predestined the former to glory, while the = latter he=20 condemned. (Art. iii.)

126.  What divine energy with = respect to the=20 world, and especially to man, follows immediately upon their creation? =

 

Divine providence.

127.  What is divine providence? =

Divine providence is the constant energy of = the almighty=20 power, wisdom, and goodness of God, by which he preserves the being and=20 faculties of his creatures, directs them to good ends, and assists all = that is=20 good; but the evil that springs by departure from good he either cuts = off, or=20 corrects it, and turns it to good results.

128.  How does holy Scripture = speak of God's=20 providence?

Jesus Christ himself says: Behold the fowls = of the=20 air, for they sow not, neither do they reap, nor gather into barns; yet = your=20 heavenly Father feedeth them. Are ye not much better than they? = Matt. vi. 26. From these words is = shown at=20 once God's general providence over the creatures, and his special = providence=20 over man.

The whole of the ninety-first Psalm is a = description of=20 God's special and manifold providence over man.

 

 

On the Second Article.

129.  How are we to understand the = names=20 Jesus Christ, the Son of God?

Son of God is the name of the second = Person of=20 the Holy Trinity in respect of his Godhead: This same Son of God was = called=20 Jesus, when he was conceived and born on earth as man; = Christ is=20 the name given him by the Prophets, while they were as yet expecting his = advent=20 upon earth.

130.  What means the name = Jesus?

Saviour.

131.  By whom was the name Jesus = first given?=20

By the Angel Gabriel.

132.  Why was this name given to = the Son of=20 God at his conception and birth on earth?

Because he was conceived and born to = save men.=20

133.  What means the name = Christ?

Anointed.

134.  Whence came the name=20 Anointed?

From the anointing with holy ointment, through = which are=20 bestowed the gifts of the Holy Ghost.

135.  Is it only Jesus, the Son of = God, who is=20 called Anointed?

No. Anointed was in old time a title of = kings,=20 high-priests, and prophets.

136.  Why, then, is Jesus, the Son = of God,=20 called The Anointed?

Because to his manhood were imparted without = measure all=20 the gifts of the Holy Ghost; and so he possesses in the highest degree = the=20 knowledge of a prophet, the holiness of a high-priest, and = the=20 power of a king.

137.  In what sense is Jesus = Christ called=20 Lord?

In this sense: that he is very God; for = the name=20 Lord is one of the names of God.

138.  What says holy Scripture of = the divinity=20 of Jesus Christ, the Son of God?

In the beginning was the Word, and the Word = was with=20 God, and the Word was God. John i. = 1.

139.  Why is Jesus Christ called = the Son of=20 God, Only-begotten?

By this is signified that he only is the Son = of God=20 begotten of the substance of God the Father; and so is of one = substance=20 with the Father; and consequently excels, beyond comparison, all holy = angels and=20 holy men, who are called sons of God by grace. John i. = 12.

140.  Does holy Scripture call = Jesus the=20 Only-begotten?

It does. For instance, in the following places = of the=20 Evangelist John: The Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us, and we = beheld=20 his glory, the glory as of the Only-begotten of the Father, full of = grace and=20 truth. John i. = 14. No=20 man hath, seen God at any time; the Only-begotten Son, which is in the = bosom of=20 the Father, he hath declared him. John i. = 18.

141.  Why in the Creed is it said = further of=20 the Son of God that he is begotten of the Father?

By this is expressed that personal property by = which he=20 is distinguished from the other Persons of the Holy Trinity.

142.  Why is it said that he is = begotten=20 before all worlds?

That none should think there was ever a time = when he was=20 not. In other words, by this is expressed that Jesus Christ is the Son = of God=20 from everlasting, even as God the Father is from everlasting.

143.  What mean in the Creed the = words=20 Light of light?

Under the figure of the visible light they in = some=20 manner explain the incomprehensible generation of the Son of God from = the=20 Father. When we look at the sun, we see light: from this light is = generated the=20 light visible every where beneath; but both the one and the other is one = light,=20 indivisible, and of one nature. In like manner, God the Father is the=20 everlasting Light. 1 John i. = 5. Of=20 him is begotten the Son of God, who also is the everlasting Light; but = God the=20 Father and God the Son are one and the same everlasting Light, = indivisible, and=20 of one divine nature.

144.  What force is there in the = words of the=20 Creed, Very God of very God?

This: that the Son of God is called God in the = same=20 proper sense as God the Father.

145.  Are not these words from = holy Scripture?=20

Yes. They are taken from the following passage = of John=20 the Divine: We know that the Son of God is come, and hath given = us=20 [light and] understanding, that we may know the true God, and = be in=20 him that is true, in his Son Jesus Christ. This is the true God and = eternal=20 life. 1 John = v.=20 20.

146.  Why is it further added of = the Son of=20 God in the Creed that he is begotten, not made?

This was added against Arius, who impiously = taught that=20 the Son of God was made.

147.  What mean the words, Of = one substance=20 with the Father?

They mean that the Son of God is of one and = the same=20 divine substance with God the Father.

148.  How does holy Scripture = speak of this?=20

Jesus Christ himself speaks of himself and of = God the=20 Father thus: I and the Father are one. John x. = 30.

149.  What is shown by the next = words in the=20 Creed, By whom all things were made?

This: that God the Father created all things = by his Son,=20 as by his eternal Wisdom and his eternal Word.

All things were made by him, and without = him was not=20 any thing made which was made. John i. = 3.

 

 

On the Third Article.

150.  Of whom is it said in the = Creed, that he=20 came down from heaven?

 

Of the Son of God.

151.  How came he down from = heaven, seeing=20 that as God he is every where?

It is true that he is every where; and so he = is always=20 in heaven, and always on earth; but on earth he was before invisible; = afterwards=20 he appeared in the flesh. In this sense it is said that he came down = from=20 heaven.

152.  How does holy Scripture = speak of this?=20

I will repeat Jesus Christ's own words: No = man hath=20 ascended up to heaven but he that came down from heaven, even the Son of = Man=20 which is in heaven. John iii. = 13.

153.  Wherefore did the Son of God = come down=20 from heaven?

For us men, and for our salvation, as = it is said=20 in the Creed.

154.  In what sense is it said = that the Son of=20 God came down from heaven for us men?

In this sense: that he came upon earth not for = one=20 nation, nor for some men only, but for us men universally.

155.  To save men from what did he = come upon=20 earth?

From sin, the curse, and death.

156.  What is sin?

Transgression of the law. Sin is the = transgression of=20 the law. 1 John = iii.=20 4.

157.  Whence is sin in men, seeing = that they=20 were created in the image of God, and God can not sin?

From the devil. He that committeth sin is = of the=20 devil; for the devil sinneth from the beginning. 1 John = iii.=20 8.

158.  How did sin pass from the = devil to men?=20

The devil deceived Eve and Adam, and induced = them to=20 transgress God's commandment.

159.  What commandment? =

God commanded Adam in Paradise not to eat of = the fruit=20 of the Tree of the knowledge of good and evil, and withal told = him, that=20 so soon as he ate thereof he should surely die.

160.  Why did it bring death to = man to eat of=20 the fruit of the Tree of the knowledge of good and evil?

Because it involved disobedience to God's = will, and so=20 separated man from God and his grace, and alienated him from the life of = God.=20

161.  What propriety is there in = the name of=20 the Tree of the knowledge of good and evil?

Man through this tree came to know by the act = itself=20 what good there is in obeying the will of God, and what evil in = disobeying it.=20

162.  How could Adam and Eve = listen to the=20 devil against the will of God?

God of his goodness, at the creation of man, = gave him=20 a will naturally disposed to love God, but still free; and = man=20 used this freedom for evil.

163.  How did the devil deceive = Adam and Eve?=20

Eve saw in Paradise a serpent, which assured = her that if=20 men ate of the fruit of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, they = would=20 know good and evil, and would become as gods. Eve was deceived by this = promise,=20 and by the fairness of the fruit, and ate of it. Adam ate after her = example.=20

164.  What came of Adam's sin? =

The curse, and death.

165.  What is the curse?

The condemnation of sin by God's just = judgment, and the=20 evil which from sin came upon the earth for the punishment of men. God = said to=20 Adam, Cursed is the ground for thy sake. Gen. iii. = 17.

166.  What is the death = which came from=20 the sin of Adam?

It is twofold: bodily, when the body = loses the=20 soul which quickened it; and spiritual, when the soul loses the = grace of=20 God, which quickened it with the higher and spiritual life.

167.  Can the soul, then, die as = well as the=20 body?

It can die, but not so as the body. The body, = when it=20 dies, loses sense, and is dissolved; the soul, when it dies by sin, = loses=20 spiritual light, joy, and happiness, but is not dissolved nor = annihilated, but=20 remains in a state of darkness, anguish, and suffering.

168.  Why did not the first man = only die, and=20 not all, as now?

Because all have come of Adam since his = infection by=20 sin, and all sin themselves. As from an infected source there naturally = flows an=20 infected stream, so from a father infected with sin, and consequently = mortal,=20 there naturally proceeds a posterity infected like him with sin, and = like him=20 mortal.

169.  How is this spoken of in = holy Scripture?=20

By one man sin entered into the world, and = death by=20 sin, and so death passed upon all men, for that all have sinned. Rom. v. = 12.

170.  Had man any benefit from the = fruit of=20 the tree of life after he had sinned?

After he had sinned, he could no more eat of = it, for he=20 was driven out of Paradise.

171.  Had men, then, any hope left = of=20 salvation?

When our first parents had confessed before = God their=20 sin, God, of his mercy, gave them a hope of salvation.

172.  In what consisted this hope? =

God promised that the seed of the woman = should bruise=20 the serpents head. Gen. iii. = 15.=20

173.  What did that mean?

This: that Jesus Christ should overcome the = devil who=20 had deceived men, and deliver them from sin, the curse, and death.

174.  Why is Jesus Christ called = the seed=20 of the woman?

Because he was born on earth without = man, from=20 the Most Holy Virgin Mary.

175.  What benefit was = there in this=20 promise?

This: that from the time of the promise men = could=20 believe savingly in the Saviour that was to come, even as we now = believe=20 in the Saviour that has come.

176.  Did people, in fact, in old = time believe=20 in the Saviour that was to come?

Some did, but the greater part forgot God's = promise of a=20 Saviour.

177.  Did not God repeat this = promise?

More than once. For instance, he made to = Abraham the=20 promise of a Saviour in the following words: In thy seed shall all = the=20 nations of the earth be blessed. Gen. = xxii. 18.=20 The same promise he repeated afterwards to David in the following words: = I=20 will set up thy seed after thee, and I will establish his throne = forever.=20 2 Kings vii. 12,13. =

178.  What do we understand by the = word incarnation?

That the Son of God took to himself human = flesh without=20 sin, and was made man, without ceasing to be God.

179.  Whence is taken the word incarnation?

From the words of the Evangelist John: The Word was made flesh. John i. 14.

180.  Why in the Creed, after it = has been said=20 of the Son of God that he was incarnate, = is it=20 further added that he was made man?

To the end that none should imagine that the = Son of God=20 took only flesh or a body, but should = acknowledge=20 in him a perfect man consisting of body = and soul.=20

181.  Have we for this any = testimony of holy=20 Scripture?

The Apostle Paul writes: There=20 is one Mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus. 1 Tim. ii. 5.

182.  And so is there only one = nature in Jesus=20 Christ?

No. There are in him, without separation and = without=20 confusion, two natures, the divine and = the human,=20 and answering to these natures two wills.

183.  Are there not, therefore, = two persons?=20

 

No. One person, = God and=20 man together; in one word, a God-man. =

184.  What says holy Scripture of = the=20 incarnation of the Son of God by the Holy Ghost of the Virgin Mary?

The Evangelist Luke relates that when the = Virgin Mary=20 had asked the angel, who announced to her the conception of Jesus, How shall this be, seeing I know not a man? = The angel=20 replied to her: The Holy Ghost shall come = upon thee,=20 and the power of the Highest shall overshadow thee : therefore also that = holy=20 thing which shall be born of thee shall be called the Son of God. = Luke i. 34,35.

185.  Who was the Virgin Mary? =

A holy virgin of the lineage of Abraham and = David, from=20 whose lineage the Saviour, by God's promise, was to come; betrothed to = Joseph, a=20 man of the same lineage, in order that he might be her guardian; for she = was=20 dedicated to God with a vow of perpetual virginity.

186.  Did the Most Holy Mary = remain, in fact,=20 ever a virgin?

She remained and remains a virgin before the = birth,=20 during the birth, VOL. II.--HH=20 and after the birth of the Saviour; and therefore is called = ever-virgin.=20

187.  What other great title is = there with=20 which the Orthodox Church honors the Most Holy Virgin Mary?

That of Mother of God.

188.  Can you show the origin of = this title=20 in holy Scripture?

It is taken from the following words of the = Prophet=20 Isaiah : Behold, a virgin shall conceive, and bear a Son, and they = shall call=20 his name Immanuel, which, being interpreted, is, God with us. Isaiah = vii. 14; Matt. i. = 23.

So, also, the righteous Elisabeth calls the = Most Holy=20 Virgin The Mother of the Lord; which title is all one with that = of Mother=20 of God. Whence is this to me, that the Mother of my Lord should come = to=20 me? Luke i. = 43.

189.  In what sense is the Most = Holy Virgin=20 called Mother of God?

Although Jesus Christ was born of her not = after his=20 Godhead, which is eternal, but after the manhood, still she is rightly = called=20 the Mother of God; because he that was born of her was, both in the = conception=20 itself and in the birth from her, as he ever is, very God.

190.  What thoughts should you = have of the=20 exalted dignity of the Most Holy Virgin Mary?

As Mother of the Lord she excels in grace and = nearness=20 to God, and so also in dignity, every created being; and therefore the = Orthodox=20 Church honors her far above the cherubim and seraphim.

191.  What is there further to be = remarked of=20 the birth of Jesus Christ from the Most Holy Mother of God?

This: that since this birth was perfectly holy = and void=20 of sin, it was also without pain; for it was among the penalties of sin = that God=20 ordained Eve in sorrows to bring forth children. (J. Damasc. = Theol. lib.=20 iv. cap. 14, 6.)

192.  What tokens had God's = providence=20 prepared, that men might know the Saviour, when he was born to them? =

Many exact predictions of various = circumstances of his=20 birth and life on earth. For instance, the Prophet Isaiah foretold that = the=20 Saviour should be born of a virgin. Isaiah = vii. 14.=20 The Prophet Micah foretold that the Saviour should be born in Bethlehem; = and=20 this prophecy the Jews understood even before they heard of its = fulfillment. Matt. = ii. 4-6.=20 The Prophet Malachi, after the building of the second temple at = Jerusalem,=20 foretold that the coming of the Saviour was drawing nigh, that he should = come to=20 this temple, and that before him should be sent a forerunner like unto = the=20 Prophet Elias, clearly pointing by this to John the Baptist. Mal. iii. = 1; iv. 5. = The Prophet=20 Zachariah foretold the triumphal entry of the Saviour into Jerusalem. Zach. ix. = 9. The=20 Prophet Isaiah, with wonderful clearness, foretold the sufferings of the = Saviour. Isaiah = liii. David,=20 in the twenty-second Psalm, described the sufferings of the Saviour on = the cross=20 with as great exactness as if he had written at the foot of the cross = itself.=20 And Daniel, 490 years before, foretold the appearance of the Saviour, = his death=20 on the cross, and the subsequent destruction of the temple and of = Jerusalem, and=20 abolition of the Old Testament sacrifices. Dan. = ix.

193.  Did men, in fact, recognize = Jesus Christ=20 as the Saviour at the time that he was born and lived upon earth?

Many did recognize him by various ways. The = wise men of=20 the East recognized him by a star, which before his birth appeared in = the East.=20 The shepherds of Bethlehem knew of him from angels, who distinctly told = them=20 that the Saviour was born in the City of David. Simeon and Anna, by = special=20 revelation of the Holy Ghost, knew him when he was brought, forty days = after his=20 birth, into the temple. John the Baptist, at the river Jordan, at his = baptism,=20 knew him by revelation, by the descent of the Holy Ghost upon him in the = form of=20 a dove, and by a voice from heaven from God the Father: This is my = beloved=20 Son, in whom I am well pleased. Matt. = iii. 17. A=20 like voice was heard of him by the Apostles Peter, James, and John, at = the time=20 of his transfiguration on the mount: This is my beloved Son, in whom = I am=20 well pleased: hear him. Mark ix. = 7.=20 Besides this, very many recognized him by the excellence of his = doctrine, and=20 especially by the miracles which he wrought.

194.  What miracles did Jesus = Christ work?=20

People suffering under incurable diseases, and = possessed=20 by demons, were healed by him in the twinkling of an eye, by a single = word, or=20 by the touch of his hand, and even through their touching his garment. = Once with=20 five, at another time with seven loaves he fed in the wilderness several = thousand men. He walked on the waters, and by a word calmed the storm. = He raised=20 the dead: the son of the widow of Nain, the daughter of Jairus, and = Lazarus on=20 the fourth day after his death.

195.  You said that the Son of God = was=20 incarnate for our salvation: in what way did he effect it?

By his doctrine, his life, his death, and = resurrection.=20

196.  What was Christ's doctrine? =

The Gospel of the kingdom of God, or, = in other=20 words, the doctrine of salvation and eternal happiness, the same that is = now=20 taught in the Orthodox Church. = Mark i. 14,=20 15.

197.  How have we salvation by = Christ's=20 doctrine?

When we receive it with all our heart, and = walk=20 according to it. For, as the lying words of the devil, received by our = first=20 parents, became in them the seed of sin and death; so, on the contrary, = the true=20 Word of Christ, heartily received by Christians, becomes in them the = seed of a=20 holy and immortal life. They are, in the words of the Apostle Peter, = born=20 again, not of corruptible seed, but of incorruptible, by the Word of = God, which=20 liveth and abideth forever. 1 Peter = i.=20 23.

198.  How have we salvation by = Christ's life?=20

When we imitate it. For he says, If any one = serve me,=20 let him follow me; and where I am, there shall also my servant be. = John = xii.=20 26.

 

 

On the Fourth Article.

199.  How came it to pass that = Jesus Christ=20 was crucified, when his doctrine and works should have moved all = to=20 reverence him?

The elders of the Jews and the scribes hated = him,=20 because he rebuked their false doctrine and evil lives, and envied him, = because=20 the people, which heard him teach and saw his miracles, esteemed him = more than=20 them; and hence they falsely accused him, and condemned him to death. =

200.  Why is it said that Jesus = Christ was=20 crucified under Pontius Pilate?

To mark the time when he was crucified.

201.  Who was Pontius = Pilate?

The Roman governor of Jud=C3=A6a, which had = become subject to=20 the Romans.

202.  Why is this = circumstance worthy=20 of remark?

Because in it we see the fulfillment of = Jacob's=20 prophecy: The sceptre shall not depart from Judah, nor a lawgiver = from=20 between his feet, until Shiloh come: and He is the desire of the = nations. Gen. = xlix. 10.=20

203.  Why is it not only said in = the Creed=20 that Jesus Christ was crucified, but also added that he=20 suffered?

To show that his crucifixion was not only a = semblance of=20 suffering and death, as some heretics said, but a real suffering and = death.

204.  Why is it also mentioned = that he was=20 buried?

This likewise is to assure us that he really = died, and=20 rose again; for his enemies even set a watch at his sepulchre, and = sealed it.=20

205.  How could Jesus Christ = suffer and die=20 when he was God?

He suffered and died, not in his Godhead, but = in his=20 manhood; and this not because he could not avoid it, but because it = pleased him=20 to suffer.

He himself had said: I lay down my life, = that I may=20 take it again. No man taketh it from me, but I lay it down of myself. I = have=20 power to lay it down, and I have power to take it again. John x. 17,18.

206.  In what sense is it said = that Jesus=20 Christ was crucified for us?

In this sense: that he, by his death on the = cross,=20 delivered us from sin, the curse, and death.

207.  How does holy Scripture = speak of this=20 deliverance?

Of deliverance from sin: In whom we have = redemption=20 through his blood, the forgiveness of sins, according to the riches of = his=20 grace. Ephes. i. = 7.

Of deliverance from the curse: Christ has = redeemed us=20 from the curse of the law being made a curse for us. Gal. iii. = 13.

Of deliverance from death: Forasmuch then = as the=20 children are partakers of flesh and blood, he also himself likewise took = part of=20 the same; that through death he might destroy him that hath the power of = death,=20 that is, the devil; and deliver them who, through fear of death, were = all their=20 lifetime subject to bondage. He= b. ii. 14,=20 15.

208.  How does the death of Jesus = Christ upon=20 the cross deliver us from sin, the curse, and death?

That we may the more readily believe this = mystery, the=20 Word of God teaches us of it, so much as we may be able to receive, by = the=20 comparison of Jesus Christ with Adam. Adam is by nature the head of all = mankind,=20 which is one with him by natural descent from him. Jesus Christ, in whom = the=20 Godhead is united with manhood, graciously made himself the new almighty = Head of=20 men, whom he unites to himself through faith. Therefore as in Adam we = had fallen=20 under sin, the curse, and death, so we are delivered from sin, the = curse, and=20 death in Jesus Christ. His voluntary suffering and death on the cross = for us,=20 being of infinite value and merit, as the death of one sinless, God and = man in=20 one person, is both a perfect satisfaction to the justice of God, which = had=20 condemned us for sin to death, and a fund of infinite merit, which has = obtained=20 him the right, without prejudice to justice, to give us sinners pardon = of our=20 sins, and grace to have victory over sin and death.

God hath willed to make known to his saints = what is=20 the riches of the glory of this mystery of the Gentiles, which is Christ = in you,=20 the hope of glory. Co= l. i. 26,=20 27.

For if by one man's offense death reigned = by one,=20 much more they which receive abundance of grace and of the gift of = righteousness=20 shall reign in life by one, Jesus Christ. Rom. v. = 17.

There is therefore now no condemnation to = them which=20 are in Christ Jesus, who walk not after the flesh, but after the spirit. = For the=20 law of the spirit of life in Christ Jesus hath made me free from the law = of sin=20 and, death. For what the law could not do, in that it was weak through = the=20 flesh, God sending his own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh, and for = sin,=20 condemned sin in the flesh; that the righteousness of the law might be = fulfilled=20 in us, who walk not after the flesh, but after the spirit. Rom. = viii.=20 1-4.

209.  Was it for us all, strictly = speaking,=20 that Jesus Christ suffered?

For his part, he offered himself as a = sacrifice strictly=20 for all, and obtained for all grace and salvation; but this benefits = only those=20 of us who, for their parts, of their own free will, have fellowship = in his=20 sufferings, being made conformable unto his death. Phil. = iii.=20 10.

210.  How can we have = fellowship in the=20 sufferings and death of Jesus Christ?

We have fellowship in the sufferings and death = of Jesus=20 Christ through a lively and hearty faith, through the Sacraments, in = which is=20 contained and sealed the virtue of his saving sufferings and death, and, = lastly,=20 through the crucifixion of our flesh with its affections and lusts.

I, says the Apostle, through the = law, am dead=20 to the law, that I may live unto God. I am crucified with Christ: = nevertheless I=20 live; yet not I, but Christ liveth in me: and the life which I now live = in the=20 flesh I live by the faith of the Son of God, who loved me and gave = himself for=20 me. Ga= l. ii. 19,=20 20.

Know ye not, that as many of us as were = baptized into=20 Jesus Christ, were baptized into his death? Rom. vi. = 3.

For as often as ye eat this bread, and = drink this=20 cup, ye do show the Lord's death till he come. 1 Cor. = xi.=20 26.

They that are Christ's have crucified the = flesh with=20 the affections and lusts. Gal. v. = 24.

211.  How can we crucify the = flesh with=20 the affections and lusts?

By bridling the affections and lusts, and by = doing what=20 is contrary to them. For instance, when anger prompts us to revile an = enemy and=20 to do him harm, but we resist the wish, and, remembering how Jesus = Christ on the=20 cross prayed for his enemies, pray likewise for ours; we thus crucify = the=20 affection of anger.

 

 

On the Fifth Article.

212.  What is the first proof and = earnest=20 given by Jesus Christ that his sufferings and death have wrought = salvation for=20 us men?

This: that he rose again, and so laid the = foundation for=20 our like blessed resurrection.

Now is Christ risen from the dead, and = become the=20 first-fruits of them that slept. 1 Cor. = xv.=20 20.

213.  What should we think of the = state in=20 which Jesus Christ was after his death, and before his resurrection? =

This is described in the following hymn of the = Church:=20 In the grave as to the flesh, in hades with thy soul, as God, in = paradise=20 with the thief, and on the throne wert thou, O Christ, together with the = Father=20 and the Spirit, filling all things, thyself uncircumscribed.

214.  What is hades or = hell?

Hades is a Greek word, and means a place = void of=20 light. In divinity, by this name is understood a spiritual prison, = that is,=20 the state of those spirits which are separated by sin from the sight of = God's=20 countenance, and from the light and blessedness which it confers. Jude i. = 6;=20 Octoich. tom. v.; sticher. ii. 4.

215.  Wherefore did Jesus Christ descend = into hell?=20

To the end that he might there also preach his = victory=20 over death, and deliver the souls which with faith awaited his coming. =

216.  Does holy Scripture speak of = this?

It is referred to in the following passage: = For=20 Christ also hath once suffered for sins, the just for the unjust, that = he may=20 bring us to God, being put to death in the flesh, but quickened in the = Spirit;=20 in which also he went and preached unto the spirits in prison. = 1 Pet. iii.=20 18, 19.

217.  What is there for us to = remark on the=20 next words of the Creed: and rose again the third day, according to = the=20 Scripture?

These words were put into the Creed from the = following=20 passage in the Epistle to the Corinthians: For I delivered unto you = first of=20 all that which I also received, how that Christ died for our sins, = according to=20 the Scripture; and that he was buried, and that he rose again the third = day,=20 according to the Scripture. = 1 Cor. xv.=20 3, 4.

218.  What force is there in these = words:=20 according to the Scripture?

By this is shown that Jesus Christ died and = rose again,=20 precisely as had been written of him prophetically in the books of the = Old=20 Testament.

219.  Where, for instance, is = there any thing=20 written of this?

In the fifty-third chapter of the book of the = Prophet=20 Isaiah, for instance, the suffering and death of Jesus Christ is imaged = forth=20 with many particular traits: as, He was wounded for our = transgressions, he=20 was bruised for our iniquities: the chastisement of our peace was upon = him; and=20 with his stripes we are healed. Isaiah = liii.=20 5.

Of the resurrection of Christ the Apostle = Peter quotes=20 the words of the sixteenth Psalm: For why? thou shalt not leave my = soul in=20 hell, neither shalt thou suffer thy holy one to see corruption. Acts ii. = 27.

220.  Is this also in the = Scripture of the Old=20 Testament, that Jesus Christ should rise again precisely on the third = day?

A prophetic type of this was set forth in the = Prophet=20 Jonah: And Jonah was in the belly of the fish three days and three=20 nights. Jonah i. = 17.

221.  How was it known that Jesus = Christ had=20 risen?

The soldiers who watched his sepulchre knew = this with=20 terror, because an angel of the Lord rolled away the stone which closed = his=20 sepulchre, and at the same time there was a great earthquake. Angels = likewise=20 announced the resurrection of Christ to Mary Magdalene and some others. = Jesus=20 Christ himself on the very day of his resurrection appeared to many: as = to the=20 women bringing spices, to Peter, to the two disciples going to Emmaus, = and,=20 lastly, to all the Apostles in the house, the doors being shut. = Afterwards he=20 oftentimes showed himself to them during the space of forty days; and = one day he=20 was seen of more than five hundred believers at once. 1 Cor. = xv. 6.

222.  Why did Jesus Christ after = his=20 resurrection show himself to the Apostles during the space of forty = days?

During this time he continued to teach them = the=20 mysteries of the kingdom of God. Acts i. = 3.

 

 

On the Sixth Article.

223.  Is the statement of our = Lord's ascension=20 in the sixth article of the Creed taken from holy Scripture?

It is taken from the following passages of = holy=20 Scripture: He that descended is the same also that ascended up far = above all=20 heavens, that he might fill all things. Eph. iv. = 10. We=20 have such a High-Priest, who is set on the right hand of the throne of = the=20 majesty in the heavens. Heb. viii. = 1.

224.  Was it in his Godhead or his = manhood=20 that Jesus Christ ascended into heaven?

In his manhood. In his Godhead he ever was and = is in=20 heaven.

225.  How does Jesus Christ sit = at the=20 right hand of God the Father, seeing that God is every where?

This must be understood spiritually; that is, = Jesus=20 Christ has one and the same majesty and glory with God the Father.

 

 

On the Seventh Article.

226.  How does holy Scripture = speak of=20 Christ's coming again?

This Jesus, which is taken up from you into = heaven,=20 shall so come in like manner as ye have seen him go into heaven. Acts i. = 11. This=20 was said to the Apostles by angels at the very time of our Lord's = ascension.=20

227.  How does it speak of his = future=20 judgment?

The hour is coming, in which all that are = in the=20 graves shall hear the voice of the Son of God, and shall come forth: = they that=20 have done good, unto the resurrection of life; and they that have done = evil,=20 unto the resurrection of damnation. = John v. 28,=20 29. These are the words of Christ himself.

228.  How does it speak of = his kingdom=20 which is to have no end?

He shall be great, and shall be called the = Son of the=20 Highest; and the Lord God shall give unto him the throne of his father = David;=20 and he shall reign over the house of Jacob forever; and of his kingdom = there=20 shall be no end. = Luke i. 32,=20 33. These are the words of the angel to the Mother of God

229.  Will the second coming of = Christ be like=20 his first?

No; very different. He came to suffer for us = in great=20 humility, but he shall come to judge us in his glory, and all the = holy angels=20 with him. Matt. = xxv.=20 31.

230.  Will he judge all men?

Yes. All, without exception.

231.  How will he judge them?

The conscience of every man shall be laid open = before=20 all, and not only all deeds which he has ever done in his whole life = upon earth=20 be revealed, but also all the words he has spoken, and all his secret = wishes and=20 thoughts. The Lord shall come, who will bring to light the hidden = things of=20 darkness, and will make manifest the counsels of the heart: and then = shall every=20 man have praise of God. 1 Cor. iv. = 5.

232.  Will he then condemn us even = for evil=20 words or thoughts?

Without doubt he will, unless we efface them = by=20 repentance, faith, and amendment of life. I say unto you, that every = idle=20 word that men shall speak, they shall give account thereof in the day of = judgment. Matt. = xii.=20 36.

233.  Will Jesus Christ = soon come to=20 judgment?

We know not. Therefore we should live so as to = be always=20 ready. The Lord is not slack concerning his promise, as some men = count=20 slackness; but is long-suffering to us-ward, not willing that any should = perish,=20 but that all should come to repentance. But the day of the Lord will = come as a=20 thief in the night. 2= Pet. iii.=20 9, 10. Watch, therefore, for ye know neither the day nor the hour = wherein=20 the Son of man cometh. Matt. = xxv.=20 13.

234.  Are there not, however, = revealed to us=20 some signs of the nearer approach of Christ's coming?

In the Word of God certain signs are revealed, = as the=20 decrease of faith and love among men, the abounding of iniquity and = calamities,=20 the preaching of the Gospel to all nations, and the coming of = Antichrist.=20 Matt. xxiv.

235.  What is = Antichrist?

An adversary of Christ, who will strive to = overthrow=20 Christianity, but instead of doing so shall himself come to a fearful = end. 2 Thess. = ii.=20 8.

236.  What is Christ's kingdom? =

Christ's kingdom is, first, the whole world; = secondly,=20 all believers upon earth; thirdly, all the blessed in heaven.

The first is called the kingdom of = nature; the=20 second, the kingdom of grace; the third, the kingdom of = glory.=20

237.  Which of these is meant when = it is said=20 in the Creed that of Christ's kingdom there shall be no end?

The kingdom of glory.

 

 

On the Eighth Article.

238.  In what sense is the Holy = Ghost called=20 the Lord?

In the same sense as the Son of God, that is, = as very=20 God.

239.  Is this witnessed by holy = Scripture?=20

It is plain from the words spoken by the = Apostle Peter=20 to rebuke Ananias: Why hath Satan fitted thine heart to lie to the = Holy=20 Ghost? and further on, Thou hast not lied unto men, but unto = God. Ac= ts v. 3,=20 4.

240.  What are we to understand by = this, that=20 the Holy Ghost is called the Giver of life?

That he, together with God the Father and the = Son,=20 giveth life to all creatures, especially spiritual life to men.

Except a man be born of water and of the = Spirit, he=20 can not enter into the kingdom of God. John iii. = 5.

241.  Whence know we that the Holy = Ghost=20 proceedeth from the Father?

This we know from the following words of Jesus = Christ=20 himself: But when the Comforter is come, whom I will send unto you = from the=20 Father, even the Spirit of truth, which proceedeth from the Father, he = shall=20 testify of me. John xv. = 26.

242.  Does the doctrine of the = procession of=20 the Holy Ghost from the Father admit of any change or supplement?

No. First, because the Orthodox Church, in = this=20 doctrine, repeats the very words of Jesus Christ; and his words, without = doubt,=20 are an exact and perfect expression of the truth. Secondly, because the = second=20 =C5=93cumenical Council, whose chief object was to establish the true = doctrine=20 respecting the Holy Ghost, has without doubt sufficiently set forth the = same in=20 the Creed; and the Catholic Church has acknowledged this so decidedly, = that the=20 third =C5=93cumenical Council in its seventh canon forbade the = composition of any new=20 Creed.

For this cause John Damascene writes: Of = the Holy=20 Ghost, we both say that he is from the Father, and call him the Spirit = of the=20 Father; while we nowise say that he is from the Son, but only call him = the=20 Spirit of the Son. (Theol. lib. i. c. 11; v. 4.)

243.  Whence does it appear that = the Holy=20 Ghost is equally with the Father and the Son, and, together = with=20 them, to be worshiped and glorified?

It appears from this, that Jesus Christ = commanded to=20 baptize in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy = Ghost.=20 Matt. = xxviii.=20 19.

244.  Why is it said in the Creed = that the=20 Holy Ghost spake by the prophets?

This is said against certain heretics, who = taught that=20 the books of the Old Testament were not written by the Holy Ghost.

245.  Does holy Scripture witness = that the=20 Holy Ghost really spake by the prophets?

The Apostle Peter writes: For prophecy came = not in=20 old time by the will of man; but holy men of God spake as they were = moved by the=20 Holy Ghost. 2 Pet. i. = 21.

246.  Did not the Holy Ghost speak = also by the=20 Apostles?

Certainly he did. Unto the prophets, = says also=20 the Apostle Peter, it was revealed, that not unto themselves, but = unto us=20 they did minister the things which are now reported unto you by them = that have=20 preached the Gospel unto you by the Holy Ghost sent down from = heaven. Pet. i. = 12.

247.  Why, then, is there no = mention of the=20 Apostles in the Creed?

Because when the Creed was composed none = doubted of the=20 inspiration of the Apostles.

248.  Was not the Holy Ghost = manifested to men=20 in some very special manner?

Yes. He came down upon the Apostles, in the = form of=20 fiery tongues, on the fiftieth day after the resurrection of Jesus = Christ.

249.  Is the Holy Ghost = communicated to men=20 even now likewise?

He is communicated to all true Christians. = Know ye=20 not that ye are the temple of God, and that the Spirit of God dwelleth = in=20 you? 1 Cor. = iii. 16.=20

250.  How may we be made partakers = of the Holy=20 Ghost?

Through fervent prayer, and through the = Sacraments.

If ye then, being evil, know how to give = good gifts=20 unto your children, how much more shall your heavenly Father give the = Holy=20 Spirit to them that ask him? Luke xi. = 13.

But after that the kindness and love of God = our=20 Saviour toward man appeared, not by works of righteousness which we have = done,=20 but according to his mercy he saved us, by the washing of regeneration, = and=20 renewing of the Holy Ghost, which he shed on us abundantly through Jesus = Christ=20 our Saviour. Titus = iii.=20 4-6.

251.  What are the chief gifts = of the Holy=20 Ghost?

The chief and more general are, as reckoned by = the=20 Prophet Isaiah, the following seven: the spirit of the fear of God, the = spirit=20 of knowledge, the spirit of might, the spirit of counsel, the spirit of=20 understanding, the spirit of wisdom, the spirit of the Lord, or the gift = of=20 piety and inspiration in the highest degree. Isaiah xi. = 2.

 

 

On the Ninth Article.

252.  What is the = Church?

The Church is a divinely instituted community = of men,=20 united by the orthodox faith, the law of God, the hierarchy, and the = Sacraments.=20

253.  What is it to believe in = the=20 Church?

It is piously to honor the true Church of = Christ, and to=20 obey her doctrine and commandments, from a conviction that grace ever = abides in=20 her, and works, teaches, and governs unto salvation, flowing from her = one only=20 everlasting Head, the Lord Jesus Christ.

254.  How can the Church, which is = visible, be=20 the object of faith, when faith, as the Apostle says, is the evidence = of=20 things not seen?

First, though the Church be visible, the grace = of God,=20 which dwells in her, and in those who are sanctified in her, is not so; = and this=20 it is which properly constitutes the object of faith in the Church.

Secondly, the Church, though visible so far as = she is=20 upon earth, and contains all Orthodox Christians living upon earth, = still is at=20 the same time invisible, so far as she is also partially in heaven, and = contains=20 all those that have departed hence in true faith and holiness.

255.  On what may we ground the = idea that the=20 Church is at once upon earth and in heaven?

On the following words of the Apostle Paul, = addressed to=20 Christians: Ye are come unto Mount Sion, and unto the city of the = living God,=20 the heavenly Jerusalem, and to an innumerable company of angels, to the = general=20 assembly and Church of the first-born, which are written in heaven, and = to God=20 the Judge of all, and to the spirits of just men made perfect, and to = Jesus=20 Christ the Mediator of the new covenant. Heb. = xii.=20 22-24.

256.  How are we assured that the = grace of God=20 abides in the true Church?

First, by this: that her Head is Jesus Christ, = God and=20 man in one person, full of grace and truth, who fills his body = also, that=20 is, the Church, with like grace and truth. = John i. 14,=20 17.

Secondly, by this: that he has promised his = disciples=20 the Holy Ghost to abide with them forever, and that, according to = this=20 promise, the Holy Ghost appoints the pastors of the Church. John = xiv.=20 16.

The Apostle Paul says of Jesus Christ, that = God the=20 Father gave him to be head over all things to the Church, which is = his=20 body. Ep= h. i. 22,=20 23. The same Apostle says to the pastors of the Church: Take heed = therefore unto yourselves, and to all the flock, over which the Holy = Ghost hath=20 made you Bishops, to feed the Church of our Lord and God, which he hath=20 purchased with his own blood. Acts xx. = 28.

257.  How are we further assured = that the=20 grace of God abides in the Church even till now, and shall abide in it = to the=20 end of the world?

Of this we are assured by the following = sayings of Jesus=20 Christ himself and his Apostle: I will build my Church, and the gates = of hell=20 shall not prevail against it. Matt. = xvi. 18.=20 I am with you alway, even unto the end of the world. Amen. Matt. = xxviii.=20 20. Unto him, God the Father, be glory in the Church by = Christ=20 Jesus throughout all ages, world without end. Amen. Eph. iii. = 21.

258.  Why is the Church = one?

Because she is one spiritual Body, has one = Head, Christ,=20 and is animated by one Spirit of God. There is one body and one = Spirit, even=20 as ye are called in one hope of your calling; one Lord, one faith, one = baptism,=20 one God and Father of all. Eph. iv. = 4-6.

259.  Are we still more expressly = assured that=20 Jesus Christ is the one only Head of the one Church?

The Apostle Paul writes, that for the Church, = as the=20 building of God, other foundation can no man lay than that is laid, = which is=20 Jesus Christ. = 1 Cor. iii.=20 10, 11. Wherefore the Church, as the Body of Christ, can have no = other Head=20 than Jesus Christ.

The Church, being to abide through all = generations of=20 time, needs also an ever-abiding head; and such is Jesus Christ alone. =

Wherefore, also, the Apostles take no higher = title than=20 that of ministers of the Church. Co= l. i. 24,=20 25.

260.  What duty does the unity of = the Church=20 lay on us?

That of endeavoring to keep the unity of = the Spirit=20 in the bond of peace. Eph. iv. = 3.

261.  How does it agree with the = unity of the=20 Church, that there are many separate and independent churches, as those = of=20 Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria, Constantinople, Russia?

These are particular churches, or parts of the = one=20 Catholic Church: the separateness of their visible organization does not = hinder=20 them from being all spiritually great members of the one body of the = Universal=20 Church, from having one Head, Christ, and one spirit of faith and grace. = This=20 unity is expressed outwardly by unity of Creed, and by communion in = prayer and=20 Sacraments.

262.  Is there likewise unity = between the=20 Church on earth and the Church in heaven?

Doubtless there is, both by their common = relation to one=20 Head, our Lord Jesus Christ, and by mutual communion with one another. =

263.  What means of communion has = the Church=20 on earth with the Church in heaven?

The prayer of faith and love. The faithful who = belong to=20 the Church militant upon earth, in offering their prayers to God, call = at the=20 same time to their aid the saints who belong to the Church in heaven; = and these,=20 standing on the highest steps of approach to God, by their prayers and=20 intercessions purify, strengthen, and offer before God the prayers of = the=20 faithful living upon earth, and by the will of God work graciously and=20 beneficently upon them, either by invisible virtue, or by distinct = apparitions,=20 and in divers other ways.

264.  On what is grounded the rule = of the=20 Church upon earth to invoke in prayer the saints of the Church in = heaven?=20

On a holy tradition, the principle of which is = to be=20 seen also in holy Scripture. For instance, when the Prophet David cries = out in=20 prayer, O Lord God of Abraham, Isaac, and of Israel our fathers, = he makes=20 mention of saints in aid of his prayer, exactly as now the Orthodox = Church calls=20 upon Christ our true God, by the prayers of his most pure Mother and = all his=20 saints. See 1 Chron. = xxix.=20 18.

Cyril of Jerusalem, in his explanation of the = divine=20 Liturgy, says: We make mention also of those who are before departed, = first,=20 of the Patriarchs, Prophets, Apostles, and Martyrs, that by their = entreaties and=20 intercession God may receive our prayers. (Cat. Myst. v. c. 9.)

Basil the Great, in his sermon on the day of = the Forty=20 Holy Martyrs, says: Whoever is afflicted has recourse to the Forty, = and=20 whoever is joyful runs to the same; the one that he may find relief from = his=20 sorrows, the other that he may keep his happiness. Here the pious wife = is to be=20 seen praying for her children; another asks the return of her = absent=20 husband; another the restoration of health to the sick. Yes; let your = petitions=20 be with the Martyrs.

265.  Is there any testimony of = holy Scripture=20 to the mediatory prayer of the saints in heaven?

The Evangelist John, in the Revelation, saw in = heaven an=20 angel, to whom was given much incense, that he should offer it, by = the=20 prayers of all saints, upon the golden altar which was before the = throne; and=20 the smoke of the incense ascended up by the prayers of the saints out of = the=20 hands of the angel before God. Rev.= viii. 3,=20 4.

266.  Is there any testimony of = holy Scripture=20 to beneficent apparitions of saints from heaven?

The Evangelist St. Matthew relates that after = the death=20 of our Lord Jesus Christ upon the cross, many bodies of the saints = which=20 slept arose, and came out of the graves, after his resurrection, and = went into=20 the holy city, and appeared unto many. Matt.=20 xxvii. 52, 53. And since a miracle so great could not be without = some=20 adequate end, we must suppose that the saints which then arose appeared = for=20 this, that they might announce the descent of Jesus Christ into hell, = and his=20 triumphal resurrection; and so move men born in the Church of the Old = Testament=20 to pass over the more readily into that of the New, then opened.

267.  What testimonies are there = to confirm us=20 in the belief that the saints, after their departure, work=20 miracles through certain earthly means?

The second (fourth in the Greek) book of Kings = testifies=20 that by touching the bones of the Prophet Elisha a dead man was raised = to life.=20 2 (4) = Kings xiii.=20 21.

The Apostle Paul not only in his own immediate = person=20 wrought healings and miracles, but the same was done also in his absence = by=20 handkerchiefs and aprons taken from his body. Acts = xix. 12. By=20 this example we may understand that the saints, even after their deaths, = may in=20 like manner work beneficently through earthly means, which have received = from=20 them holy virtue.

Gregory the Divine, in his first discourse = against=20 Julian, says: Thou wast not abashed by the sacrifices offered for = Christ, nor=20 didst fear the great athletes, John, Peter, Paul, James, Stephen, Luke, = Andrew,=20 Thecla, and the rest, who before and after these suffered for the truth; = who=20 withstood both fire and sword, the torturers, and all sufferings present = or=20 threatened, as if their bodies were not their own, or they had had no = bodies at=20 all. For what? That they might not, so much as by a word, betray their = religion.=20 To whom also great honors and triumphs are with just reason awarded: by = whom=20 devils are expelled and diseases healed: who appear in visions, and = prophecy:=20 whose very bodies, though separate, when touched or reverenced, have = like power=20 with their holy souls; and drops of whose blood, those least tokens of = their=20 suffering, like power with their bodies.

John Damascene writes thus: The relics of = the saints=20 have been given us by our Lord Jesus Christ as salutary springs, from = which=20 manifold blessings flow. And as if in explanation of this, he = remarks, that=20 through the mind their bodies also were inhabited of God. (Theol. = lib.=20 iv. cap. 15, 3, 4.)

268.  Why is the Church = holy?

Because she is sanctified by Jesus Christ = through his=20 passion, through his doctrine, through his prayer, and through the = Sacraments.=20 Christ loved the Church, and gave himself for it; that he might = sanctify it,=20 having cleansed it with the washing of water by the Word, that he might = present=20 it to himself a glorious Church, not having spot, or wrinkle, or any = such thing,=20 but that it should be holy, and without blemish. Eph. v. = 25-27.

In his prayer to God the Father for believers, = Jesus=20 Christ said among other things: Sanctify them through thy truth: thy = Word is=20 truth. And for their sakes I sanctify myself, that they also may be = sanctified=20 in truth. John=20 xvii.17, 19.

269.  How is the Church holy, when = she has in=20 her sinners?

Men, who sin, but purify themselves by true = repentance,=20 hinder not the Church from being holy; but impenitent sinners, either by = the=20 visible act of Church authority, or by the invisible judgment of God, = are cut=20 off from the body of the Church; and so she is, in respect of these, = also kept=20 holy.

Put away from among yourselves that wicked=20 person. 1 Cor. v. = 13.=20 Nevertheless the foundation of God standeth sure, having this seal: = The Lord=20 knoweth them that are his. And, Let every one that nameth the name of = Christ=20 depart from iniquity. 2 Tim. = ii.=20 19.

270.  Why is the Church called=20 Catholic, or, which is the same thing, Universal?

Because she is not limited to any place, nor = time, nor=20 people, but contains true believers of all places, times, and peoples. =

The Apostle Paul says that the Word of the = Gospel=20 is in all the world; and bringeth forth fruit (Colo= ss. i. 5,=20 6), and that in the Christian Church there is neither Greek nor = Jew,=20 circumcision nor uncircumcision, barbarian nor Scythian, bond nor free: = but=20 Christ is all, and in all. Coloss. = iii. 11.=20 They which be of faith, are blessed with faithful Abraham. Gal. iii. = 9.

271.  What great privilege has the = Catholic=20 Church?

She alone has the sublime promises that the = gates of=20 hell shall not prevail against her; that the Lord shall be = with her=20 even to the end of the world; that in her shall abide the = glory of=20 God in Christ Jesus throughout all generations forever; and = consequently=20 that she shall never apostatize from the faith, nor sin against the = truth of the=20 faith, or fall into error.

We undoubtingly confess, as sure truth, = that the=20 Catholic Church can not sin, nor err, nor utter falsehood in place of = truth; for=20 the Holy Ghost, ever working through his faithful ministers the fathers = and=20 doctors of the Church, preserves her from all error. (Missive of the = Eastern=20 Patriarchs on the Orthodox Faith, Art. 12.)

272.  If the Catholic Church = contains all true=20 believers in the world, must we not acknowledge it to be necessary for = salvation=20 that every believer should belong to her?

Exactly so. Since Jesus Christ, in the words = of St.=20 Paul, is the Head of the Church, and he is the Saviour of the = Body, it=20 follows that, to have part in his salvation, we must necessarily be = members of=20 his body, that is, of the Catholic Church. Eph. v. = 23.

The Apostle Peter writes that baptism = saveth us=20 after the figure of the ark of Noah. All who were saved from the = general=20 deluge were saved only in the ark; so all who obtain everlasting = salvation=20 obtain it only in the one Catholic Church.

273.  What thoughts and = remembrances should we=20 associate with the name of the Eastern Church?

In Paradise, planted in the East, was founded = the first=20 Church of our parents in innocence; and in the East, after the fall, was = laid a=20 new foundation of the Church of the redeemed, in the promise of a = Saviour. In=20 the East, in the land of Jud=C3=A6a, our Lord Jesus Christ, having = finished the work=20 of our salvation, laid the foundation of his own proper Christian = Church: from=20 thence she spread herself over the whole universe; and to this day the = orthodox=20 Catholic =C5=93cumenical faith, confirmed by the seven =C5=93cumenical = Councils, is=20 preserved unchanged in its original purity in the ancient Churches of = the East,=20 and in such as agree with them, as does by God's grace the Church of = Russia.

274.  Why is the Church called=20 Apostolic?

Because she has from the Apostles, without = break or=20 change, both her doctrine and the succession of the gifts of the Holy = Ghost,=20 through the laying on of consecrated, hands. In the same sense the = Church is=20 called also Orthodox, or Rightly-believing.

Ye are no more strangers and foreigners, = but=20 fellow-citizens with the saints, and of the household of God, and are = built on=20 the foundation of the Apostles and Prophets, Jesus Christ himself being = the=20 chief corner-stone. Ep= h. ii. 19,=20 20.

275.  What does the Creed teach = us, when it=20 calls the Church Apostolic?

It teaches us to hold fast the Apostolical=20 doctrine and tradition, and eschew such doctrine and such = teachers as=20 are not warranted by the doctrine of the Apostles.

The Apostle Paul says: Therefore, brethren, = stand=20 fast, and hold the traditions which ye have been taught, whether by word = or our=20 epistle. 2 = Thess. ii.=20 15. A man that is a heretic after the first and second admonition = reject. Titus = iii. 10.=20 For there are many unruly, vain talkers and deceivers, especially = they of the=20 circumcision, whose mouths must be stopped; who subvert whole houses, = teaching=20 things which they ought not, for filthy lucre's sake. Titus i.=20 10, 11. But if thy brother neglect to hear the Church, let = him be=20 to thee as a heathen man and a publican. Matt. = xviii.=20 17.

276.  What ecclesiastical = institution is there=20 through which the succession of the Apostolical ministry is preserved? =

The ecclesiastical Hierarchy.

277.  Whence originates the = Hierarchy of the=20 Orthodox Christian Church?

From Jesus Christ himself, and from the = descent of the=20 Holy Ghost on the Apostles; from which time it is continued, in unbroken = succession, through the laying on of hands, in the Sacrament of Orders. = And=20 he gave some, Apostles; and some, Prophets; and some, Evangelists; and = some,=20 Pastors and Teachers; for the perfecting of the saints, for the work of = the=20 ministry, for the edifying of the Body of Christ. Ep= h. iv. 11,=20 12.

278.  What hierarchical authority = is there=20 which can extend its sphere of action over the whole Catholic Church? =

An =C5=93cumenical Council.

279.  Under what hierarchical = authority are=20 the chief divisions of the Catholic Church?

Under the Orthodox Patriarchs and the Most = Holy Synod.=20

280.  Under what ecclesiastical = authority are=20 lesser orthodox provinces and cities?

Under Metropolitans, Archbishops, and Bishops. =

281.  What rank in the Hierarchy = is held by=20 the Most Holy Russian Synod?

The same rank with the Most Holy Orthodox = Patriarchs.=20 (See the Letters of the M. H. Patriarchs on the institution of the M. H. = Synod.)=20

282.  If any one desire to fulfill = his duty of=20 obedience to the Church, how may he learn what she requires of her = children?=20

This may be learned from holy Scripture, from = the canons=20 of the holy Apostles, the holy =C5=93cumenical and provincial Councils, = and the holy=20 Fathers, and from the books of Ecclesiastical Rules and Rubrics.

 

 

On the Tenth Article.

283.  Why does the Creed mention = Baptism?

Because faith is sealed by Baptism, and the = other=20 Mysteries or Sacraments.

284.  What is a Mystery or = Sacrament?=20

A Mystery or Sacrament is a holy act, through = which=20 grace, or, in other words, the saving power of God, works=20 mysteriously upon man.

285.  How many are the Sacraments? =

Seven: 1. Baptism; 2. Unction with Chrism; 3. = Communion;=20 4. Penitence; 5. Orders; 6. Matrimony; 7. Unction with Oil.

286. What virtue is there in each of = these=20 Sacraments?

1. In Baptism man is mysteriously born to a = spiritual=20 life.

2. In Unction with Chrism he receives a grace = of=20 spiritual growth and strength.

3. In the Communion he is spiritually fed. =

4. In Penitence he is healed of spiritual = diseases, that=20 is, of sin.

5. In Orders he receives grace spiritually to=20 regenerate, feed, and nurture others, by doctrine and Sacraments.

6. In Matrimony he receives a grace = sanctifying the=20 married life, and the natural procreation and nurture of children.

7. In Unction with Oil he has medicine even = for bodily=20 diseases, in that he is healed of spiritual.

287.  But why does not the Creed = mention all=20 these Sacraments, instead of mentioning Baptism only?

Because Baptism was the subject of a question, = whether=20 some people, as heretics, ought not to be rebaptized; and this required = a=20 decision, which so came to be put into the Creed.

 

On Baptism.

288.  What is Baptism?

Baptism is a Sacrament, in which a man who = believes,=20 having his body thrice plunged in water in the name of God the Father, = the Son,=20 and the Holy Ghost, dies to the carnal life of sin, and is born again of = the=20 Holy Ghost to a life spiritual and holy. Except a, man be born of = water and,=20 of the Spirit, he can not enter into the kingdom of God. John iii. 5.

289.  When and how began Baptism? =

First, John baptized with the baptism of = repentance,=20 saying unto the people, that they should believe on him which should = come after=20 him, that is, on Christ Jesus. Acts xix. = 4.=20 Afterwards, Jesus Christ, by his own example, sanctified Baptism, when = he=20 received it from John. Lastly, after his resurrection, he gave the = Apostles this=20 solemn commandment: Go ye and teach all nations, baptizing them in = the name=20 of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost. Matt. = xxviii.=20 19.

290.  What is most essential in = the=20 administration of Baptism?

Trine immersion in water, in the name of the = Father, and=20 of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost.

291. What is required of him that seeks = to be=20 baptized?

Repentance and faith; for which cause, also, = before=20 Baptism the? recite the Creed. Repent, and be baptized every one of = you in=20 the name of Jesus Christ for the remission of sins, and ye shall receive = the=20 gift of the Holy Ghost. Acts ii. = 38.=20 He that believeth and is baptized shall be saved. Mark = xvi.=20 16.

292. But why, then, are children = baptized?=20

For the faith of their parents and sponsors, = who are=20 also bound to teach them the faith so soon as they are of sufficient age = to=20 learn.

293. How can you show from holy = Scripture that we=20 ought to baptize infants?

In the time of the Old Testament, infants were = circumcised when eight days old; but Baptism in the New Testament takes = the=20 place of circumcision; consequently infants should also be baptized. =

294. Whence does it appear that = Baptism=20 takes the place of circumcision?

From the following words of the Apostle to = believers:=20 Ye are circumcised with the circumcision made without hands, in = putting off=20 the body of the sins of the flesh, by the circumcision of Christ, buried = with=20 him in Baptism. Co= loss. ii.=20 11, 12.

295. Why are there sponsors at Baptism? =

In order that they may stand sureties before = the Church=20 for the faith of the baptized, and after Baptism may take him in charge, = to=20 confirm him in the faith. (See Dion. Areop. on the Eccl. Hier. cap. ii.) =

296. Why before baptizing do we use=20 exorcism?

To drive away the devil, who since Adam's fall = has had=20 access to men, and power over them, as his captives and slaves.

The Apostle Paul says, that all men, without = grace,=20 walk according to the course of this world, according to the prince = of the=20 power of the air, the spirit that now worketh in the children of=20 disobedience. Eph. ii. = 2.

297. Wherein lies the force of = exorcism?

In the name of Jesus Christ, invoked = with prayer=20 and faith. Jesus Christ gave to believers this promise: In my name = shall they=20 cast out devils. Mark = xvi. 17.=20

298. What force has the sign of = the cross=20 used on this and other occasions?

What the name of Jesus Christ crucified is = when=20 pronounced with faith by motion of the lips, the very same is also the = sign of=20 the cross when made with faith by motion of the hand, or represented in = any=20 other way.

Cyril of Jerusalem writes: Let us not be = ashamed to=20 confess the Crucified; let us boldly make the sign of the Cross on the = forehead,=20 and on every thing; on the bread which we eat; on the cups from which we = drink;=20 let us make it at our going out, and coming in; when we lie down to = sleep, and=20 when we rise; when we journey, and when we rest: it is a great = safeguard, given=20 to the poor without price, to the weak without labor. For this is the = grace of=20 God; a token for the faithful, and a terror for evil spirits. (Cat. = Lect.=20 xiii. 36.)

299. Whence have we the use of the sign = of the=20 Cross?

From the very times of the Apostles. (See = Dion. Areop.=20 on the Eccl. Hier. cap. ii. and v.; also Tertull. de Coron. cap. iii.; = de=20 Resurr. cap. viii.)

300. What means the white = garment which is=20 put on after Baptism?

The purity of the soul, and of the Christian = life.

301. Why do they hang upon the baptized = a=20 Cross?

As a visible expression and continual = remembrance of=20 Christ's command: If any man will come after me, let him deny = himself, and=20 take up his cross, and follow me. Matt. = xvi. 24.=20

302. What means the procession = of the=20 baptized round the font with a light?

Spiritual joy, joined with spiritual = illumination.

303. How is this to be understood, that = in the=20 Creed we are made to confess one Baptism?

In this sense: that Baptism can not be = repeated.

304. Why can not Baptism be repeated? =

Baptism is spiritual birth: a man is born but = once;=20 therefore he is also baptized but once.

305. What is to be thought of those who = sin after=20 Baptism?

That they are more guilty in their sins than = the=20 unbaptized, since they had from God special help to do well, and have = thrown it=20 away.

For if after they have escaped the = pollutions of the=20 world through the knowledge of the Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, they = are again=20 entangled therein and overcome, the latter end is worse with them than = the=20 beginning. 2 Peter = ii. 20.=20

306. But is there not any way even for = such as have=20 sinned after Baptism to obtain pardon?

There is a way, which is penitence.

On Unction with Chrism.

307. What is Unction with Chrism ? =

Unction with Chrism is a Sacrament, in which = the=20 baptized believer, being anointed with holy chrism on certain parts of = the body=20 in the name of the Holy Ghost, receives the gifts of the Holy Ghost for = growth=20 and strength in spiritual life.

308. Is this Sacrament mentioned in holy = Scripture?=20

The inward grace of this Sacrament is spoken = of by the=20 Apostle John, as follows: But ye have an unction from the Holy One, = and ye=20 know all things. And the anointing which ye have received of him abideth = in you,=20 and ye need not that any man teach you; but as the same anointing = teacheth you of all things, and is truth, and is no lie; and even as it = hath=20 taught you, abide therein. 1 John=20 ii. 20, 27.

In like manner the Apostle Paul also says: = Now he=20 which stablisheth us with you in Christ, and hath anointed us, is God; = who hath=20 also sealed us, and given the earnest of the Spirit in our hearts. = = 2 Cor. i.=20 21, 22.

Hence are taken the words pronounced at the = Unction:=20 The seal of the gift of the Holy Ghost.

309. Is the outward form of Unction with = Chrism=20 mentioned in holy Scripture?

It may well be supposed that the words of St. = John refer=20 to a visible as well as to an inward unction; but it is more certain = that the=20 Apostles, for imparting to the baptized the gifts of the Holy Ghost, = used=20 imposition of hands. = Acts viii.=20 14, 16. The successors of the Apostles, however, in place of this,=20 introduced unction with chrism, drawing, it may be, their precedent from = the=20 unction used in the Old Testament. Exod. = xxx. 25;=20 1 (3 in = the Greek)=20 Kings i. 39. (Dion. Areop. de Eccl. Hier. cap. iv.)

310. What is to be remarked of the holy=20 Chrism?

This: that its consecration is reserved to the = heads of=20 the Hierarchy, as successors of the Apostles, who used the laying on of = their=20 own hands to communicate the gifts of the Holy Ghost.

311. What is specially signified by = anointing the=20 forehead?

The sanctification of the mind, or thoughts. =

312. What by anointing the = chest?

The sanctification of the heart, or desires. =

313. What by anointing the eyes, = ears, and=20 lips?

The sanctification of the senses.

314. What by anointing the hands and = feet?=20

The sanctification of the works and whole walk = of the=20 Christian.

 

On the Communion.

315. What is the Communion?

The Communion is a Sacrament, in which the = believer,=20 under the forms of bread and wine, partakes of the very Body and Blood = of=20 Christ, to everlasting life.

316. How was this Sacrament instituted? =

Jesus Christ, immediately before his passion,=20 consecrated it for the first time, exhibiting in it by anticipation a = lively=20 image of his sufferings for our salvation; and after having administered = it to=20 the Apostles, he gave them at the same time a commandment ever after to=20 perpetuate this Sacrament.

317. What is to be noticed of the Sacrament = of the=20 Communion in regard to divine service in the Church?

This: that it forms the chief and most = essential part of=20 divine service.

318. What is the name of that service in = which the=20 Sacrament of the Communion is consecrated?

The Liturgy.

319. What means the word Liturgy t =

Common service, but the name Liturgy is = specially=20 appropriated to that divine service in which the Sacrament of the = Communion is=20 consecrated.

320. What is to be noted of the = place where=20 the Liturgy is celebrated?

It must always be consecrated in a = temple, the=20 table in which, or at least, if there be no such table, the=20 antimense on which the Sacrament is consecrated, must have been=20 consecrated by a Bishop.

321. Why is the temple called a = church=20 T

Because the faithful, who compose the Church, = meet in it=20 for prayer and Sacraments.

322. Why is the table, on which the = Sacrament of the=20 Communion is consecrated, called the throne?

Because on it Jesus Christ, as King, is = mystically=20 present.

323. What general order of parts may = be=20 remarked in the Liturgy?

This: that first the elements are prepared for = the=20 Sacrament; secondly, the faithful are prepared for the Sacrament; = lastly, the=20 Sacrament itself is consecrated.

324. What is the name for that part of the = Liturgy in=20 which the elements are prepared for the Sacrament?

Proskomid=C3=A8, =CF=80=CF=81=CE=BF=CF=83=CE=BA=CE=BF=CE=BC=CE=B9=CE=B4=E1=BD= =B5 .

325. What is the meaning of the word=20 Proskomid=C3=A8?

Offertory.

326. Why is this name given to the first = part of the=20 Liturgy?

From the custom of the primitive Christians to = offer in=20 the Church bread and wine for the celebration of the Sacrament. On the = same=20 account this bread is called prosphora, which means = oblation.

327. In what consists the Offertory, as a = part of the=20 Liturgy?

In this: that with mention made of the = prophecies and=20 types, and partly also of the events themselves, relating to the birth = and=20 suffering of Jesus Christ, a portion is taken from the prosphora for use = in the=20 Sacrament, and likewise a portion of wine mixed with water is poured off = into=20 the holy chalice, while the celebrator makes commemoration of the whole = Church,=20 honors the glorified saints, prays for the living and the departed, = especially=20 for the ruling powers, and for those who, of their own faith and zeal, = have=20 brought prosphor=C3=A6, or oblations.

328. Of what kind should be the = bread for the=20 Sacrament?

Such as the name itself of bread, the holiness = of the=20 Mystery, and the example of Jesus Christ and the Apostles all require; = that is,=20 leavened, pure, wheaten bread.

329. What is signified by this, that the = bread=20 or loaf which is strictly to be used for the Communion is only one = T=20

It signifies, as the Apostle explains, that = we, being=20 many, are one bread, and one body; for we are all partakers of that one=20 bread. lCor.x.17.

330. Why is the bread, when prepared for = the=20 Communion, called the Lamb?

Because it is the figure of Jesus Christ = suffering, as=20 was in the Old Testament the Paschal Lamb.

331. What was the Paschal Lamb?

The lamb which the Israelites, by God's = command, killed=20 and ate in memory of their deliverance from destruction in Egypt.

332. Why is the wine for the = Sacrament of the=20 Communion mixed with water?

Because the whole of this celebration is = ordered so as=20 to figure forth the sufferings of Christ; and when he suffered there = flowed from=20 his pierced side blood and water.

333. What name has that part of the Liturgy = in which=20 the faithful are prepared for the Sacrament?

The ancients called it the Liturgy of the=20 Catechumens; because, besides baptized communicants, the = catechumens, also,=20 who are preparing for Baptism, and the penitents, who are not admitted = to=20 communion, may be present at it.

334. With what does this part of the = Liturgy begin?=20

With the Blessing, or glorification of the = Kingdom of=20 the Most Holy Trinity.

335. In what consists this part of the = Liturgy?=20

In prayers, singing, and reading from the = books of the=20 Apostles, and from the Gospel.

336. "With what does it end?

With the order given to the catechumens to go = out and=20 leave the church.

337. What is the name for that part of the = Liturgy in=20 which the Sacrament itself is celebrated and consecrated?

The Liturgy of the Faithful; because = the faithful=20 only, that is, the baptized, have the right to be present at this = service.

338. What is the most essential act in this = part of=20 the Liturgy?

The utterance of the words which Jesus Christ = spake in=20 instituting the Sacrament: Take, eat; this is my body. Drink ye all = of it;=20 for this is my Blood of the New Testament. Matt.=20 xxvi. 26, 27, 28. And after this the invocation of the Holy Ghost, = and the=20 blessing the gifts, that is, the bread and wine which have been offered. =

339. Why is this so essential?

Because at the moment of this act the bread = and wine are=20 changed, or transubstantiated, into the very Body of Christ, and into = the very=20 Blood of Christ.

340. How are we to understand the word=20 transubstantiation T

In the exposition of the faith by the Eastern=20 Patriarchs, it is said that the word transubstantiation is not to be = taken to=20 define the manner in which the bread and wine are changed into the Body = and=20 Blood of the Lord; for this none can understand but God; but only thus = much is=20 signified, that the bread truly, really, and substantially becomes the = very true=20 Body of the Lord, and the wine the very Blood of the Lord. In like = manner John=20 Damascene, treating of the Holy and Immaculate Mysteries of the Lord, = writes=20 thus: It is truly that Body, united with Godhead, which had its = origin from=20 the Holy Virgin; not as though that Body which ascended came down from = heaven,=20 but because the bread and wine themselves are changed into the Body and = Blood of=20 God. But if thou seekest after the manner how this is, let it suffice = thee to be=20 told that it is by the Holy Ghost; in like manner as, by the same Holy = Ghost,=20 the Lord formed flesh to himself, and in himself, from the Mother of = God; nor=20 know I aught more than this, that the Word of God is true, powerful, and = almighty, but its manner of operation unsearchable. (J. Damasc. = Theol. lib.=20 iv. cap. 13, =C2=A7 7.)

341. What is required individually of every = one who=20 desires to approach the Sacrament of the Communion?

To examine his conscience before God, and to = cleanse it=20 from sin by penitence; for doing which he has helps in fasting and = prayer.

Let a man examine himself, and so let him = eat of that=20 bread, and drink of that cup; for he that eateth and drinketh = unworthily, eateth=20 and drinketh damnation to himself, not discerning the Lord's Body. = 1 Cor.=20 xi. 28, 29.

342. What benefit does he receive who = communicates in=20 the Body and Blood of Christ?

He is in the closest manner united to Jesus = Christ=20 himself, and, in him, is made partaker of everlasting life.

He that eateth my Flesh, and drinketh my = Blood,=20 dwelleth in me, and I in him. John vi. = 56.=20 Whoso eateth my Flesh, and drinketh my Blood, hath eternal life. = John vi. = 54.

343. Ought we to communicate often in the = holy=20 Mysteries?

The primitive Christians communicated every = Lord's Day;=20 but now few have such purity of life as to be always prepared to = approach so=20 great a Mystery. Our Mother the Church calls on all, who would live = religiously,=20 to confess before their ghostly Father, and communicate in the Body and = Blood of=20 Christ, four times yearly, or even every month, but requires all, = without=20 exception, to receive it at the least once in the year. (See Orthod. = Confess.=20 Pt. I. Q. 90.)

344. What part can they have in the divine = Liturgy=20 who only hear it without approaching the holy Communion?

They may and should take part in the Liturgy = by prayer=20 and faith, and especially by a continual remembrance of our Lord Jesus = Christ,=20 who expressly has commanded us to do this in remembrance of him. = Luke = xxii. 19.=20

345. What should we remember at that time = in the=20 Liturgy when they make the Procession with the Gospel?

Jesus Christ appearing to preach the Gospel. = So also=20 while the Gospel is reading, we should have the same attention and = reverence as=20 if we saw and heard Jesus Christ himself.

346. What should we remember at that time = in the=20 Liturgy when they make the Procession with the gifts from the table of=20 preparation to the altar?

Jesus Christ going to suffer voluntarily, as a = victim to=20 the slaughter, while more than twelve legions of angels were ready = around to=20 guard him as their King.

The King of kings, and Lord of lords, = cometh to be=20 slaughtered. (Hymn for the Liturgy on the Great Sabbath.)

347. What should we remember at the moment = of the=20 consecration of the Sacrament, and while the clergy are communicating = within the=20 altar?

The mystical supper of Jesus Christ himself = with his=20 Apostles; his suffering, death, and burial.

348. What is set forth after this, by the = drawing=20 back of the veil, the opening of the royal doors, and the appearance of = the holy=20 gifts?

The appearance of Jesus Christ himself after = his=20 resurrection.

349. What is figured by the last showing of = the holy=20 gifts to the people, after which they are hid from view?

The ascension of Jesus Christ into heaven. =

350. Will the use of the Sacrament of the = holy=20 Communion continue ever in the true Church of Christ?

Assuredly it will ever continue, even to = Christ's coming=20 again, agreeably to the words of the Apostle Paul: For as oft as ye = eat this=20 bread, and drink this cup, ye do show forth the Lord's death till he = come.=20 1 Cor. = xi. 26.=20

 

 

On Penitence.

351. What is Penitence?

Penitence is a Sacrament, in which he who = confesses his=20 sins is, on the outward declaration of pardon by the priest, inwardly = loosed=20 from his sins by Jesus Christ himself.

352. What is the origin of this Sacrament? =

They who came to John the Baptist, who = preached the=20 baptism of repentance for the remission of sins, confessed their = sins. Mark=20 i. 4, 5. The Apostles were promised by Jesus Christ power to forgive = sins, when=20 he said, Whatsoever ye shall bind on earth, shall be bound in heaven; = and=20 whatsoever ye shall loose on earth, shall be loosed in heaven. Matt. = xviii. 18.=20 And after his resurrection he actually gave them this power, saying, = Receive=20 ye the Holy Ghost: whosesoever sins ye remit, they are remitted unto = them and=20 whosesoever sins ye retain, they are retained. John xx.=20 22, 23.

353. What is required of the penitent? =

Contrition for his sins, with a full purpose = of=20 amendment of life, faith in Jesus Christ, and hope in his mercy.

For godly sorrow worketh repentance to = salvation, not=20 to be repented of. 2 Cor. = vii. 10.=20 But if the wicked turn from his wickedness, and do that which is = lawful and=20 right, he shall live thereby. Ezek. = xxxiii.=20 19. To him, that is to Jesus Christ, give all the Prophets = witness, that through his name whosoever believeth in him shall receive=20 remission of sins. Acts x. = 43.

354. Are there not besides certain = preparations and=20 aids to Penitence?

Such are fasting and prayer.

355. Is there not besides these a certain = special=20 mean used by holy Church for cleansing and giving peace to the = conscience of the=20 penitent?

Such a mean is the epitimia, or = penance.

356. What is the epitimia?

The word means punishment. See 2 Cor. ii. = 6.=20 Under this name are prescribed to the penitent, according as may be = requisite,=20 divers particular exercises of piety, and divers abstinences or = privations,=20 serving to efface the unrighteousness of sin, and to subdue sinful = habit; as,=20 for instance, fasting beyond what is prescribed for all, or for grievous = sins=20 suspension from the holy Communion for a given time.

 

On Orders.

357. What are Orders  

Orders are a Sacrament, in which the Holy = Ghost, by the=20 laying on of the Bishop's hands, ordains them that be rightly chosen to = minister=20 sacraments, and to feed the flock of Christ.

Let a man so account of us, as of the = ministers of=20 Christ, and stewards of the mysteries of God. 1 Cor. iv. = 1.

Take heed therefore unto yourselves, and to = all the=20 flock, over the which the Holy Ghost hath made you overseers, to feed = the Church=20 of God, which he hath purchased with his own blood. Acts xx. = 28.=20

358. What is it to feed the Church? =

To instruct the people in faith, piety, and = good works.=20

359. How many necessary degrees are = there of=20 Orders?

Three: those of Bishop, Priest, and=20 Deacon.

360. What difference is there between them? =

The Deacon serves at the Sacraments; the = Priest hallows=20 Sacraments in dependence on the Bishop; the Bishop not only hallows the=20 Sacraments himself, but has power also to impart to others, by the = laying on of=20 his hands, the gift and grace to hallow them.

Of the Episcopal power the Apostle Paul thus = writes to=20 Titus: For this cause left I thee in Crete, that thou shouldest set = in order=20 the things that are wanting, and ordain elders in every city. Titus i. = 5. And=20 to Timothy: Lay hands suddenly on no man. 1 Tim. v. = 22.=20

 

On Matrimony.

361. What is Matrimony?

Matrimony is a Sacrament, in which, on the = free promise=20 of the man and woman before the priest and the Church to be true to each = other,=20 their conjugal union is blessed to be an image of Christ's union with = the=20 Church, and grace is asked for them to live together in godly love and = honesty,=20 to the procreation and Christian bringing up of children.

362. Whence does it appear that Matrimony = is a=20 Sacrament?

From the following words of the Apostle Paul: = A man=20 shall leave his father and mother, and shall be joined unto his wife, = and they=20 two shall be one flesh. This Sacrament is great: but I speak concerning = Christ=20 and the Church. Ep= h. v. 31,=20 32.

363. Is it the duty of all to marry? =

No. Virginity is better than wedlock, if any = have the=20 gift to keep it undefiled.

Of this Jesus Christ has said expressly: = All men can=20 not receive this saying, save they to whom it is given. He that is able = to=20 receive it, let him receive it. Matt.=20 xix. 11, 12.

And the Apostle says: I say therefore to = the=20 unmarried and widows, It is good for them if they abide even as I; but = if they=20 can not contain, let them marry. . . . He that is unmarried careth for = the=20 things that belong to the Lord, how he may please the Lord; but he that = is I=20 married careth for the things that are of the world, how he may please = his wife.=20 . . . He that giveth his virgin in marriage doeth well; but he that = giveth her=20 not in marriage doeth better. 1=20 Cor. vii. 8, 9, 32, 33, 38.

 

On Unction with Oil.

364. What is Unction with Oil? I

Unction with Oil is a Sacrament, in which, = while the=20 body is anointed with oil, God's grace is invoked on the sick, to heal = him of=20 spiritual and bodily infirmities.

365. Whence is the origin of this = Sacrament?

From the Apostles, who, having received power = from Jesus=20 Christ, anointed with oil many that were sick, and healed them. = Mark vi. = 13.

The Apostles left this Sacrament to the = priests of the=20 Church, as is evident from the following words of the Apostle James: = Is any=20 sick among you? let him call for the elders of the Church; and let them = pray=20 over him, anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord; and the prayer = of=20 faith shall save the sick, and the Lord shall raise him up; and if he = have=20 committed sins, they shall be forgiven him. Ja= mes v. 14,=20 16.

 

 

On the Eleventh Article.

366. What is the resurrection of the = dead,=20 which, in the words of the Creed, we look for or expect?

An act of the almighty power of God, by which = all bodies=20 of dead men, being reunited to their souls, shall return to life, and = shall=20 thenceforth be spiritual and immortal.

It is sown a natural body, it is raised a = spiritual=20 body. 1 Cor. = xv. 44.=20 For this corruptible must put on incorruption, and this mortal must = put on=20 immortality. 1 Cor. = xv. 53.=20

367. How shall the body rise again after it = has=20 rotted and perished in the ground?

Since God formed the body from the ground = originally, he=20 can equally restore it after it has perished in the ground. The Apostle = Paul=20 illustrates this by the analogy of a grain of seed, which rots in the = earth, but=20 from which there springs up afterwards a plant, or tree. That which = thou=20 sowest is not quickened except it die. 1 Cor. = xv. 36.=20

368. Shall all, strictly speaking, rise = again?=20

All, without exception, that have died; but = they who at=20 the time of the general resurrection shall be still alive shall have = their=20 present gross bodies changed in a moment, so as to become spiritual and=20 immortal.

We shall not all sleep, but we shall all be = changed,=20 in a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trump; for the = trumpet=20 shall sound, and the dead shall be raised incorruptible, and we shall be = changed. 1 Cor.=20 xv. 51, 52.

369. When shall the resurrection of the = dead=20 be?

At the end of this visible world?

370. Shall the world then too come to an = end?=20

Yes; this corruptible world shall come to an = end, and=20 shall be transformed into another, incorruptible.

Because the creature itself also shall be = delivered=20 from the bondage of corruption into the glorious liberty of the children = of=20 God. Rom. viii. = 21.=20 Nevertheless we, according to his promise, look for new heavens and a = new=20 earth, wherein dwelleth righteousness. 2 Peter = iii. 13.=20

371. How shall the world be transformed? =

By fire. The heavens and the earth, which = are now, by=20 the same, that is, by God's word, are kept in store, reserved = unto fire=20 against the day of judgment and perdition of ungodly men. 2 Peter = iii. 7.=20

372. In what state are the souls of the = dead till the=20 general resurrection?

The souls of the righteous are in light and = rest, with a=20 foretaste of eternal happiness; but the souls of the wicked are in a = state the=20 reverse of this.

373. Why may we not ascribe to the souls of = the=20 righteous perfect happiness immediately after death?

Because it is ordained that the perfect = retribution=20 according to works shall be received by the perfect man after the = resurrection=20 of the body and God's last judgment.

The Apostle Paul says: Henceforth there is = laid up=20 for me a crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the righteous Judge, = shall give=20 me at that day; and not to me only, but unto all them also that love his = appearing. 2 Tim. iv. = 8. And=20 again: We must all appear before the judgment-seat of Christ; that = every one=20 may receive the things done in his body, according to that he hath done, = whether=20 it be good or bad. 2 Cor. v. = 10.=20

374. Why do we ascribe to the souls of the = righteous=20 a foretaste of bliss before the last judgment?

On the testimony of Jesus Christ himself, who = says in=20 the parable that the righteous Lazarus was immediately after death = carried into=20 Abraham's bosom. Luke = xvi. 22.=20

375. Is this foretaste of bliss joined with = a sight=20 of Christ's own countenance?

It is so more especially with the saints, as = we are=20 given to understand by the Apostle Paul, who had a desire to depart, = and to=20 be with Christ. Phil. i. = 23.

376. What is to be remarked of such souls = as have=20 departed with faith, but without having had time to bring forth fruits = worthy of=20 repentance?

This: that they may be aided towards the = attainment of a=20 blessed resurrection by prayers offered in their behalf, especially such = as are=20 offered in union with the oblation of the bloodless sacrifice of the = Body and=20 Blood of Christ, and by works of mercy done in faith for their memory. =

377. On what is this doctrine grounded? =

On the constant tradition of the Catholic = Church; the=20 sources of which may be seen even in the Church of the Old Testament. = Judas=20 Maccab=C3=A6us offered sacrifice for his men that had fallen. 2 Macc. = xii.=20 43. Prayer for the departed has ever formed a fixed part of the = divine=20 Liturgy, from the first Liturgy of the Apostle James. St. Cyril of = Jerusalem=20 says: Very great will be the benefit to those souls for which prayer = is=20 offered at the moment when the holy and tremendous Sacrifice is lying in = view. (Lect. Myst. v. 9.)

St. Basil the Great, in his prayers for = Pentecost, says=20 that the Lord vouchsafes to receive from us propitiatory prayers and = sacrifices=20 for those that are kept in Hades, and allows us the hope of = obtaining for=20 them peace, relief, and freedom.

 

 

On the Twelfth Article.

378. What is the life of the world to = come T=20

The life that shall be after the resurrection = of the=20 dead and the general judgment of Christ.

379. What kind of life shall this be? =

For those who believe, who love God, and do = what is=20 good, it shall be so happy that we can not now even conceive such = happiness.=20 It doth not yet appear what we shall be. 1 John = iii. 2.=20 I knew a man in Christ, says the Apostle Paul, who was caught = up into=20 Paradise, and heard unspeakable words, which it is not lawful for a man = to=20 utter. = 2 Cor. xii.=20 2, 4.

380. Whence shall proceed this so great = happiness?=20

From the contemplation of God in light and = glory, and=20 from union with him. For now we see through a glass darkly, but then = face to=20 face: now I know in part, but then shall I know, even as also I am = known. 1 Cor. = xiii.=20 12.

Then shall the righteous shine forth as the = sun, in=20 the kingdom of their Father. Matt. = xiii. 43.=20 God shall be all in all. 1 Cor. = xv. 28.=20

381. Shall the body also share in the = happiness of=20 the soul?

Yes; it too will be glorified with the light = of God, as=20 Christ's body was at his transfiguration on Mount Tabor.

It is sown in dishonor, it is raised in = glory. 1 Cor. = xv. 43.=20 As we have borne the image of the earthy, that is, of Adam, we = shall=20 also bear the image of the heavenly. 1 Cor. = xv. 49.=20

382. Will all be equally happy?

No. There will be different degrees of = happiness, in=20 proportion as every one shall have here endured the fight of faith, = love, and=20 good works. There is one glory of the sun, and another glory of the = moon, and=20 another glory of the stars; for one star differeth from another star in = glory.=20 So also is the resurrection of the dead. 1 Cor.=20 xv. 41, 42.

383. But what will be the lot of = unbelievers and=20 transgressors?

They will be given over to everlasting = death--that is,=20 to everlasting fire, to everlasting torment, with the devils.

Whosoever was not found written in the book = of life=20 was cast into the lake of fire. Rev. xx. = 15. And,=20 That is the second death. Rev. xx. = 14.=20 Depart from me, ye cursed, into everlasting fire, prepared for the = devil and=20 his angels. Matt. = xxv. 41.=20 And these shall go away into everlasting punishment, but the = righteous=20 into life eternal. Matt. = xxv 46.=20 It is better for thee to enter into the kingdom of God with one eye, = than=20 having two eyes to be cast into hell fire: where their worm dieth not, = and the=20 fire is not quenched. = Mark ix.=20 47, 48.

384. Why will such severity be used with = sinners?=20

Not because God willed them to perish; but = they of their=20 own will perish, because they receive not the love of the truth, that = they=20 might be saved. 2 = Thess. ii.=20 10.

385. Of what benefit will it be to us to = meditate on=20 death, on the resurrection, on the last judgment, on everlasting = happiness, and=20 on everlasting torment?

These meditations will assist us to abstain = from sin,=20 and to wean our affections from earthly things; they will console ns for = the=20 absence or loss of worldly goods, incite us to keep our souls and bodies = pure,=20 to live to God and to eternity, and so to attain everlasting salvation. =

1 The Greek and the German edition have the following addition: 'But = those=20 who freely accept the grace given them, who make good use of the means = of grace=20 granted unto them, and who walk in the appointed path of salvation, God = has=20 properly foreordained for salvation.'

 

 

THE SECOND PART OF THE ORTHODOX CATECHISM. =
ON=20 HOPE.

Definition of Christian Hope, its Ground, and = the Means=20 thereto.

386. What is Christian hope?

The resting of the heart on God, with the full = trust that=20 he ever cares for our salvation, and will give us the happiness he has = promised.=20

387. What is the ground of Christian = hope?

The Lord Jesus Christ is our hope, or = the ground=20 of our hope. 1 Tim. i. = 1.=20 Hope to the end for the grace that is to be brought unto you by the=20 revelation of Jesus Christ. 1 Peter = i. 13.=20

388. What are the means for attaining to = a saving=20 hope?

The means to this are, first, prayer; secondly, = the true=20 doctrine of blessedness, and its practical application.

 

On Prayer.

389. Is there any testimony of God's = Word to this,=20 that prayer is a mean for attaining to a saving hope?

Jesus Christ himself joins the hope of = receiving our=20 desire with prayer: Whatsoever ye shall ask of the Father in = my name,=20 that will I do, that the Father may be glorified in the Son. John = xiv.=20 13.

390. What is Prayer?

The lifting up of man's mind and heart to God, = manifested by devout words.

391. What should the Christian do when = he lifts=20 up his mind and heart to God?

First, he should glorify him for his = divine=20 perfections; secondly, give thanks to him for his mercies; = thirdly,=20 ask him for what he needs. So there are three chief forms of = prayer:=20 Praise, Thanksgiving, and Petition.

392. Can a man pray without words?

He can: in mind and heart. An example of this = may be=20 seen in Moses before the passage through the Red Sea. Exod. xiv. 15. =

393. Has not such prayer a name of its = own?

It is called spiritual, or prayer of = the=20 heart and mind, in one word, inward prayer; while, = on the=20 other hand, prayer expressed in words, and accompanied by other marks of = devotion, is called oral or outward prayer.

394. Can there be outward prayer = without inward?=20

There can: if any man utter words of prayer = without=20 attention or earnestness.

395. Does outward prayer alone suffice = to obtain=20 grace?

So far is it from sufficing to obtain grace, = that=20 contrariwise it provokes God to anger.

God has himself declared his displeasure at = such prayer:=20 This people draweth nigh unto me with their mouth, and honoreth me = with their=20 lips, but their heart is far from me: but in vain do they worship = me. = Matt. xv.=20 8, 9.

396. Does not inward prayer alone = suffice without=20 outward?

This question is as if one should ask whether = soul alone=20 might not suffice for man without body. It is idle to ask this, seeing = that God=20 has been pleased to make man consist of soul and body; likewise idle it = is to=20 ask whether inward prayer alone may not suffice without outward. Since = we have=20 both soul and body, we ought to glorify God in our bodies, and in our = souls,=20 which are God's: this being besides natural, that out of the = abundance of=20 the heart the mouth should speak. Our Lord Jesus Christ was = spiritual=20 in the highest degree, but even he expressed his spiritual prayer both = by words=20 and by devout gestures of body, sometimes, for instance, lifting up his = eyes to=20 heaven, sometimes kneeling, or falling on his face to the ground. 1 Cor. = vi. 20; Matt. = xii. 34;=20 John = xvii. 1; Luke = xxii. 41;=20 Matt. = xxvi. 39.=20

 

On the Lord's Prayer.

397. Is there not a prayer which may be = termed=20 the common Christian prayer, and pattern of all prayers?

Such is the Lord's Prayer.

398. What is the Lord's = Prayer?

A prayer which our Lord Jesus Christ taught = the=20 Apostles, and which they delivered to all believers.

399. Repeat it.

Our father, who art in heaven?

1. Hallowed be thy Name;

2. Thy kingdom come;

3. Thy will be done, as in heaven, so in = earth;=20

4. Give us this day our bread for = subsistence;=20

5. And forgive us our debts, as we forgive = our=20 debtors,

6. And lead us not into temptation; =

7. But deliver us from evil.

For thine is the kingdom, the power, and = the glory,=20 forever and ever. Amen. Matt. = vi.=20 9--13.

400. In order the better to understand = the Lord's=20 Prayer, how may we divide it?

Into the invocation, seven = petitions, and=20 the doxology.

On the Invocation.

401. How dare we call God = Father?

By faith in Jesus Christ, and by the grace of=20 regeneration.

As many as received him, to them, gave he = power to=20 become the sons of God, even to them that believe on his name: which = were born,=20 not of blood, nor of the will of the flesh, nor of the will of man, but = of=20 God. = John i. 12,=20 13.

402. Must we say Our Father even = when we=20 pray alone?

Certainly we must.

403. Why so?

Because Christian charity requires us to call = upon God,=20 and ask good things of him, for all our brethren, no less than for = ourselves.=20

404. Why in the invocation do we say, = Who art=20 in heaven?

That, entering upon prayer, we may leave every = thing=20 earthly and corruptible, and raise our minds and hearts to what is = heavenly,=20 everlasting, and divine.

 

On the First Petition.

405. Is not God's name holy?

Doubtless it is holy in itself. Holy is his = name.=20 Luke i. = 49.

406. How, then, can it yet be hallowed? =

It may be hallowed in men; that is, his = eternal holiness=20 may be manifested in them.

407. How?

First, when we, having in our thoughts and = heart the=20 name of God, so live as his holiness requires, and thus glorify God; = secondly,=20 when others also, seeing our good lives, glorify God.

Let your light so shine before men, that = they may see=20 your good works, and glorify your Father which is in heaven. Matt. v. = 16.

 

On the Second Petition.

408. What is the kingdom of God = spoken of=20 in the second petition of the Lord's Prayer?

The kingdom of grace, which, as St. = Paul says, is=20 righteousness, and peace, and joy in the Holy Ghost. Rom. xiv. = 17.

409. Is not this kingdom come already? =

To some it has not yet come in its full sense; = while to=20 others it has not yet come at all inasmuch as sin still reigns in = their=20 mortal bodies, that they should obey it in the lusts thereof. Rom. vi. = 12.

410. How does it come?

Secretly, and inwardly. The kingdom of God = cometh not=20 with observation; for, behold, the kingdom of God is within you. Luke=20 xvii. 20, 21.

411. May not the Christian ask for = something=20 further under the name of God's kingdom?

He may ask for the kingdom of = glory--that is, for=20 the perfect bliss of the faithful.

Having a desire to depart, and be with = Christ. Phil. i. = 23.

 

On the Third Petition.

412. What means the petition, Thy = will be=20 done?

Hereby we ask of God that all we do, and all = that=20 befalls us, may be ordered not as we will, but as pleases him.

413. Why need we ask this?

Because we often err in our wishes; but God = unerringly,=20 and incomparably more than we ourselves, wishes for us all that is good, = and is=20 ever ready to bestow it, unless he be prevented by our willfulness and=20 obstinacy.

Unto him that is able to do exceeding = abundantly=20 above all that we ask or think, according to the power that worketh in = us, unto=20 him be glory in the Church. Ep= h. iii. 20,=20 21.

414. Why do we ask that God's will be = done in=20 earth as in heaven?

Because in heaven the holy angels and saints = in bliss,=20 all without exception, always, and in all things, do God's will.

 

On the Fourth Petition.

415. What is bread for = subsistence?1

The bread which we need in order to subsist or = live.=20

416. With what thoughts should we ask = of God this=20 bread?

Agreeably with the instruction of our Lord = Jesus Christ,=20 we should ask no more than bread for subsistence; that is, = necessary=20 food, and such clothing and shelter as is likewise necessary for life; = but=20 whatever is beyond this, and serves not so much for necessity as for=20 gratification, we should leave to the will of God; and if it be given, = return=20 thanks to him; if it be not given, we should be content without it.

417. Why are we directed to ask for = bread for=20 subsistence only for this day ?

That we may not be too anxious about the = future, but=20 trust for that to God. Take therefore no thought for the morrow, for = the=20 morrow shall take thought for the things of itself: sufficient unto the = day is=20 the evil thereof. Matt. vi. = 34.=20 For your heavenly Father knoweth that ye have need of all these = things.=20 Matt. vi. = 32.=20

418. May we not ask for something = farther under=20 the name of bread for subsistence?

Since man is made of both a bodily and a = spiritual=20 substance, and the substance of the soul far excels that of the body, we = may and=20 should seek for the soul also that bread of subsistence without which = the inward=20 man must perish of hunger.

(See Cyril. Hier. Lect, Myst. iv. 15; Orthod. = Confess.=20 Pt. II. Q. 19.)

419. What is the bread of subsistence = for the=20 soul?

The Word of God, and the Body and Blood of = Christ.

Man shall not live by bread alone, but by = every word=20 that proceedeth out of the mouth of God. Matt. iv. = 4. My=20 flesh is meat indeed, and my blood is drink indeed. John vi. = 55.

On the Fifth Petition.

420. What is meant in the Lord's Prayer = by our=20 debts?

Our sins.

421. Why are our sins called debts? =

Because we, having received all from God, = ought to=20 render all back to him--that is, subject all to his will and law; which = if we do=20 not, we are left debtors to his justice.

422. But who are our debtors? =

People who have not rendered us that which = they owed us=20 by the law of God; as, for instance, have not shown us love, but malice. =

423. If God is just, how can we be = forgiven our=20 debts?

Through the mediation of Jesus Christ.

For there is one God, and one Mediator = between God=20 and man, the man Jesus Christ, who gave himself a ransom for all. 1 = Tim. ii. 5,=20 6.

424. What will be the consequence, if = we ask God=20 to forgive us our sins without ourselves forgiving others?

In that case neither shall we be forgiven. =

For if ye forgive men their trespasses, = your=20 heavenly Father will also forgive you; but if ye forgive not men their=20 trespasses, neither will your Father forgive you your trespasses. = Matt. vi.=20 14, 15.

425. Why will not God forgive us if we = do not=20 forgive others?

Because we hereby show ourselves evil, and so = alienate=20 from us God's goodness and

426. What disposition, then, must we = have to use=20 aright those words of the Lord's Prayer, As we forgive our = debtors?

These words absolutely require that when we = pray we=20 should bear no malice nor hatred, but be in peace and charity with all = men.

Therefore if thou bring thy gift to the = altar, and,=20 there rememberest that thy brother hath aught against thee, leave there = thy gift=20 before the altar, and go thy way: first be reconciled to thy brother, = and then=20 come and offer thy gift. = Matt. v.=20 23, 24.

427. But what am I to do if I can not = readily=20 find him who hath aught against me, or if he show himself unwilling to = be=20 reconciled?

In such a case it is enough to be reconciled = with him=20 in heart, before the eyes of the all-seeing God.

If it be possible, as much as lieth in = you, live=20 peaceably with all men. Rom. xii. = 18.=20

 

On the Sixth Petition.

428. What is meant in the Lord's = Prayer by=20 temptation ?

Any conjuncture of circumstances in which = there is=20 imminent danger of losing the faith, or falling into great sin.

429. Whence come such temptations? =

From our flesh, from the world, = or other=20 people, and from the devil.

430. What do we ask in these words of = the=20 prayer, Lead us not into temptation?

First, that God suffer us not to be led into=20 temptation; secondly, that if it be needful for us to be tried and = purified=20 through temptation, he give us not up wholly to temptation, nor suffer = us to=20 fall.

 

On the Seventh Petition.

431. What do we ask in these words of = the=20 prayer, Deliver as from evil?

We ask for deliverance from all evil that can = reach us=20 in the world, which since the fall lieth in wickedness (1 John = v. 19):=20 but especially from the evil of sin, and from the evil suggestions and = snares of=20 the spirit of evil, which is the devil.

On the Doxology.

432. Why after the Lord's Prayer do we = subjoin=20 the Doxology?

First, that when we ask mercies for ourselves = from our=20 heavenly Father, we may at the same time render him that honor which is = his due;=20 secondly, that by the thought of his everlasting kingdom, power, = and=20 glory, we may be more and more established in the hope that he = will give=20 us what we ask, because this is in his power, and makes to his = glory.

433. What means the word Amen T =

It means verily, or so be it. =

434. Why is this word added to the = Doxology?=20

To signify that we offer the prayer in faith, = and=20 without doubting, as we are taught to do by the Apostle James. James i. = 6.

 

On the Doctrine of Blessedness.

435. What must we join with prayer in = order to=20 be grounded in the hope of salvation and blessedness?

Our own exertions for the attainment of = blessedness.=20

Of this point the Lord himself says: Why = call ye me=20 Lord, Lord, and do not the things which I say? Luke vi. = 46.=20 Not every one that saith unto me Lord, Lord, shall enter into the = kingdom of=20 heaven, but he that doeth the will of my Father which is in heaven. = Matt. = vii. 21.=20

436. What doctrine may we take as our = guide in=20 these exertions?

The doctrine of our Lord Jesus Christ, which = is briefly=20 set forth in his Beatitudes, or sentences on blessedness.

437. How many such sentences are = there? The nine=20 following:

1. Blessed are the poor in spirit: for = theirs is the=20 kingdom of heaven.

2. Blessed are they that mourn: for they = shall be=20 comforted.

3. Blessed are the meek: for they shall = inherit the=20 earth.

4. Blessed are they which do hunger and = thirst after=20 righteousness: for they shall be filed.

5. Blessed are the merciful: for they = shall obtain=20 mercy.

6. Blessed are the pure in heart: for they = shall see=20 God.

7. Blessed are the peacemakers: for they = shall be=20 called the children of God.

8. Blessed are they which are persecuted = for=20 righteousness' sake: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.

9. Blessed are ye, when men shall revile = you, and=20 persecute you, and shall say all manner of evil against you falsely, for = my=20 sake. Rejoice, and be exceeding glad: for great is your reward in = heaven. Matt. = v. 3-12.=20

438. What is to be observed of all = these=20 sentences in order to their right understanding?

This: that the Lord proposed in these = sentences a=20 doctrine for the attainment of blessedness, as is expressly said = in the=20 Gospel: He opened his mouth, and taught; but, being meek and = lowly of=20 heart, he proposed his doctrine not in the form of commandment, but of = blessing,=20 to those who should of their own free will receive and fulfill it. = Consequently=20 in each sentence or Beatitude we must consider, first, the doctrine or = precept;=20 secondly, the blessing or promise of reward.

 

On the First Beatitude.

439. What is the Lord's first precept = of=20 blessedness?

They who would be blessed must be poor in = spirit.

440. What is it to be poor in = spirit?=20

It is to have a spiritual conviction that we = have=20 nothing of our own, nothing but what God bestows upon us, and that we = can do=20 nothing good without God's help and grace, thus counting ourselves as = nothing,=20 and in all throwing ourselves upon the mercy of God; in brief, as St. = Chrysostom=20 explains it, spiritual poverty is humility. (Hom. in Matt. xv.) =

441. Can the rich, too, be poor in = spirit?

Doubtless they can: if they consider that = visible=20 riches are corruptible and soon pass away, and can never compensate for = the want=20 of spiritual goods. What is a man profited, if he gain the whole = world, and=20 lose his own soul for what shall a man give in exchange for his = soul? Matt. = xvi. 26.=20

442. May not bodily poverty serve to = the=20 perfection of spiritual?

It may, if the Christian choose it = voluntarily, for=20 God's sake. Of this, Jesus Christ himself said to the rich man: If = thou wilt=20 be perfect, go, sell that thou hast, and give to the poor, and thou = shalt have=20 treasure in heaven; and come and follow me. Matt. = xix. 21.=20

443. What does our Lord promise to the = poor in=20 spirit?

The kingdom of heaven.

444. How is the kingdom of heaven = theirs?

In the present life inwardly, and = inchoately,2 by faith and hope; but in the = life to=20 come perfectly, by their being made partakers of everlasting = blessedness.

 

On the Second Beatitude.

445. What is the Lord's second precept = for=20 blessedness?

They who would be blessed must mourn. =

446. What is meant in this precept by = the word=20 mourn?

Sorrow and contrition of heart, with = unfeigned tears,=20 for that we so imperfectly and unworthily serve the Lord, or even rather = deserve=20 big anger by our sins, for godly sorrow worketh repentance unto = salvation not=20 to be repented of; but the sorrow of this world worketh death. 2 Cor. = vii. 10.=20

447. What special promise does the = Lord make to=20 mourners?

That they shall be comforted.

448. What comfort is here to be = understood?

That of grace, consisting in the pardon of = sin, and in=20 peace of conscience.

449. Why is this promise added to the = precept=20 for mourning?

In order that sorrow for sin may not reach to = despair.=20

On the Third Beatitude.

450. What is the Lord's third precept = for=20 blessedness?

They who would be blessed must be = meek.

451. What is meekness?

A quiet disposition of spirit, joined with = care neither=20 to offend any man, nor be offended at any thing one's self.

452. What are the special effects of = Christian=20 meekness?

These: that we never murmur against God, nor = even=20 against men, when any thing falls out against our wishes, nor give way = to anger,=20 nor set ourselves up.

453. What is promised by the Lord to = the=20 meek?

That they shall inherit the earth. =

454. How are we to understand this = promise?

As regards Christ's followers generally it is = a=20 prediction which has been literally fulfilled; for the ever-meek = Christians,=20 instead of being destroyed by the fury of the heathen, have inherited = the=20 universe which the heathen formerly possessed. But the further sense of = this=20 promise, as regards Christians both generally and individually, is this, = that=20 they shall receive an inheritance, as the Psalmist says, in the land = of the=20 living; that is, where men live and never die; in other words, that = they=20 shall receive everlasting blessedness. See Psalm = xxvii.=20 13.

 

On the Fourth Beatitude.

455. What is the Lord's fourth precept = for=20 blessedness?

They who would be blessed must hunger and = thirst=20 after righteousness.

456. What is meant here by the word=20 righteousness ?

Though this word may well stand for every = virtue which=20 the Christian ought to desire even as his meat and drink, yet should we = here=20 specially understand that righteousness of which, in the book of Daniel, = it is=20 said, An everlasting righteousness shall be brought in; that is, = the=20 justification of guilty man through grace and faith in Jesus Christ. Dan. ix. = 24.

The Apostle Paul speaks thus: The = righteousness of=20 God which is by faith of Jesus Christ unto all, and upon all them that = believe;=20 for there is no difference: for all have sinned, and come short of the = glory of=20 God/ being justified freely by his grace through the redemption = that is=20 in Christ Jesus, whom God hath set forth to be a propitiation through = faith in=20 his blood, to declare his righteousness for the remission of sins that = are=20 past. Rom. = iii.=20 22-25.

457. Who are they that hunger and = thirst=20 after righteousness?

They who, while they love to do good, yet = count not=20 themselves righteous, nor rest on their own good works, but acknowledge=20 themselves sinners, and guilty before God; and who, by the wish and = prayer of=20 faith, hunger and thirst after the justification of grace through Jesus = Christ,=20 as after spiritual meat and drink.

458. What does the Lord promise to = them who=20 hunger and thirst after righteousness?

That they shall be filled.

459. What is meant here by being = filled?=20

As the filling or satisfying of the body = produces,=20 first, the cessation of the sense of hunger and thirst; secondly, the=20 strengthening the body by food, so the filling of the soul means, first, = the=20 inward peace of the pardoned sinner; secondly, the acquisition of = strength to do=20 good, given by justifying grace. The perfect filling, however, of the = soul=20 created for the enjoyment of endless good is to follow in the life = eternal,=20 according to the words of the Psalmist: When I awake up after thy = likeness, I=20 shall be satisfied with it. Psalm = xvii. 15.=20

 

On the Fifth Beatitude.

460. What is the Lord's fifth precept = for=20 blessedness?

They who would be blessed must be = merciful.

461. How are we to fulfill this = precept?

By works of mercy, corporal and spiritual; = for, as St.=20 Chrysostom says, the forms of mercy are manifold, and this = commandment is=20 broad. (Hom. in Matt. xv.)

462. Which are the corporal works = of mercy=20 t

1. To feed the hungry.

2. To give drink to the thirsty.

3. To clothe the naked, or such as have not = necessary=20 and decent clothing.

4. To visit them that are in prison.

5. To visit the sick, minister to them, and = forward=20 their recovery, or aid them to a Christian preparation for death.

6. To show hospitality to strangers.

7. To bury them that have died in poverty. =

463. Which are the spiritual works = of=20 mercy?

1. By exhortation to convert the sinner = from the=20 error of his way. James v. = 20.

2. To instruct the ignorant in truth and = virtue.

3. To give our neighbor good and seasonable = advice in=20 difficulty, or in any danger of which he is unaware.

4. To pray for others to God.

5. To comfort the afflicted.

6. Not to return the evil which others may = have done=20 us.

7. To forgive injuries from our heart.

464. Is it not contrary to the precept = of mercy=20 for civil justice to punish criminals?

Not in the least; if this be done as of duty, = and with=20 a good intent, that is, in order to correct them, or to preserve the = innocent=20 from their crimes.

465. What does the Lord promise to the = merciful?

That they shall obtain mercy.

466. What mercy is here to be = understood?

That of being delivered from everlasting = condemnation=20 for sin at God's Judgment.

 

On the Sixth Beatitude.

467. What is the Lord's sixth precept = for=20 blessedness?

They who would be blessed must be pure in = heart.=20

468. Is not purity of heart the = same=20 thing as sincerity?

Sincerity which feigns not any good = dispositions=20 foreign to the heart, but shows the really good dispositions of the = heart by=20 good deeds, is only the lowest degree of purity of heart. This last a = man=20 attains by constant and strict watchfulness over himself, driving away = from his=20 heart every unlawful wish and thought, and every affection for earthly = things,=20 and ever keeping there the remembrance of God and our Lord Jesus Christ = with=20 faith and charity.

469. What does the Lord promise to the = pure in=20 heart? That they shall see God.

470. How are we to understand this = promise?

The Word of God compares the heart of man to = the eye,=20 and ascribes to perfect Christians enlightened, eyes of the = heart. Eph. i. = 18. As the=20 eye that is clear can see the light, so the heart that is pure can = behold God.=20 But since the sight of God's countenance is the very source of = everlasting=20 blessedness, the promise of seeing God is the promise of the highest = degree of=20 everlasting blessedness.

 

On the Seventh Beatitude.

471. What is the Lord's seventh = precept for=20 blessedness?

They who would be blessed must be = peace-makers.=20

472. How are we to fulfill this = commandment?=20

We must live friendly with all men, and give = no=20 occasion for disagreement: if any arise, we must try all possible ways = to put a=20 stop to it, even by yielding our own right, unless this be against duty, = or=20 hurtful to any other: if others are at enmity, we must do all we can to=20 reconcile them; and if we fail, we must pray to God for their = reconciliation.=20

473. What does the Lord promise to = peace-makers?=20

That they shall be called the Sons of = God.

474. What is signified by this = promise?

The sublimity both of their office and of = their reward.=20 Since in what they do they imitate the only-begotten Son of God, who = came upon=20 earth to reconcile fallen man with God's justice, they are for this = promised the=20 gracious name of Sons of God, and without doubt a degree of blessedness=20 answering thereto.

 

On the Eighth Beatitude.

475. What is the Lord's eighth precept = for=20 blessedness?

They who would be blessed must be ready to = endure=20 persecution for righteousness' sake, without betraying it.

476. What qualities are required by = this=20 precept?

Love of righteousness, constancy and firmness = in=20 virtue, fortitude and patience, when one is subjected to calamity or = danger for=20 refusing to betray truth and virtue.

477. What does the Lord promise to = those who are=20 persecuted for righteousness' sake?

The kingdom of heaven, as if in = recompense for=20 what they lose through persecution; in like manner as the same is = promised to=20 the poor in spirit, to make up for the feeling of want and privation. =

On the Ninth Beatitude.

478. What is the Lord's ninth precept = for=20 blessedness?

They who would be blessed must be ready to = take with=20 joy reproach, persecution, suffering, and death itself, for the name of = Christ,=20 and for the true orthodox faith.

479. What is the name for the course = required by=20 this precept?

The course of martyrdom.

480. What does the Lord promise for = this course?=20

A great reward in heaven; that is, a = special and=20 high degree of blessedness.

 

 

 

THE THIRD PART OF THE ORTHODOX CATECHISM.
ON LOVE.

1--

 

On the Union between Faith and Love.

481. What should be the effect and fruit of true faith in the=20 Christian?

Love, and good works conformable thereto.

In Jesus Christ, says the Apostle Paul, neither = circumcision=20 availeth any thing, nor uncircumcision, but faith which worketh by = love.=20 Gal. v. 6.

482. Is not faith alone enough for a Christian, without = love and=20 good works ?

No; for faith without love and good works is inactive and dead, and = so can=20 not lead to eternal life.

He that loveth not his brother, abideth in death. 1 John = iii. 14.=20 What doth it profit, my brethren, though a man say he hath faith, and = have=20 not works? can faith save him? For as the body without the spirit is = dead, so=20 faith without works is dead also. Ja= mes ii. 14,=20 26.

483. May not a man, on the other hand, be saved by love and = good=20 works, without faith?

It is impossible that a man who has not faith in God should really = love him;=20 besides, man, being ruined by sin, can not do really good works, unless = he=20 receive through faith in Jesus Christ spiritual strength, or grace from = God.=20

Without faith it is impossible to please God: for he that cometh = to God=20 must believe that he is, and that he is a rewarder of them that = diligently seek=20 him, Heb. xi. = 6.

For as many as are of the works of the law are under the curse: = for it is=20 written, Cursed is every one that continueth not in all things which are = written=20 in the book of the law to do them. Gal. iii. = 10.=20 For we through the spirit wait for the hope of righteousness by = faith. Gal. v. = 5.

For by grace are ye saved through faith; and that not of=20 yourselves: it is the gift of God: not of works, lest any man should = boast.=20 Eph.= ii. 8,=20 9.

484. What is to be thought of such love as is not = accompanied by=20 good works?

Such love is not real: for true love naturally shows itself by good = works.=20 Jesus Christ says: He that hath my commandments, and keepeth them, he = it is=20 that loveth me: if a man love me, he will keep my word. John xiv.=20 21, 23.

The Apostle John writes: For this is the love of God, that we keep = his=20 commandments. 1 John v. = 3.=20 Let us not love in word, neither in tongue, but in deed and in = truth. 1 John = iii. 18.=20

 

 

On the Law of God and the Commandments.

485. What means have we to know good works from bad?

The inward law of God, or the witness of our conscience, and = the=20 outward law of God, or God's commandments.

486. Does holy Scripture speak of the inward law of God?

The Apostle Paul says of the heathen: Which show the work of the = law=20 written in their hearts, their conscience also bearing witness, and = their=20 thoughts the mean while accusing or else excusing one another. Rom. ii. = 15.

487. If there is in man's heart an inward law, why was = the=20 outward given?

It was given because men obeyed not the inward law, but led carnal = and sinful=20 lives, and stifled within themselves the voice of the spiritual law, so = that it=20 was necessary to put them in mind of it outwardly through the = Commandments.=20 Wherefore then serveth the law? It was added because of = transgressions..=20 Gal. iii. = 19.

488. When and how was God's outward law given to men?

When the Hebrew people, descended from Abraham, had been miraculously = delivered from bondage in Egypt, on their way to the promised land, in = the=20 desert, on Mount Sinai, God manifested his presence in fire and clouds, = and gave=20 them the law, by the hand of Moses, their leader.

489. Which are the chief and general commandments of this law? =

The following ten, which were written on two tables of = stone:=20

1. I am the Lord thy God: thou shalt have none other gods beside = me.=20

2. Thou shalt not make unto thyself any graven image, nor the = likeness of=20 any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or = that is=20 in the waters under the earth: thou shalt not bow down to them, = nor serve=20 them.

3. Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain. =

4. Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy: six days shalt thou = labor,=20 and do all thy work; but the seventh day is the Sabbath to the Lord thy = God.=20

5. Honor thy father and thy mother, that it may be well with thee, = and=20 that thy days may be long upon the earth.

6. Thou shalt not kill.

7. Thou shalt not commit adultery.

8. Thou shalt not steal.

9. Thou shalt not bear false witness against = thy=20 neighbor.

10. Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's = wife, thou=20 shalt not covet thy neighbor's house, nor his land, nor his man-servant, = nor his=20 maid-servant, nor his ox, nor his ass, nor any of his cattle, nor any = thing that=20 is thy neighbor's. Exod. = xx.=20 1-17; Deut. = v. 6-21.=20

490. You said that these Commandments = were given=20 to the people of Israel: must we, then, also walk by them?

We must: for they are in substance the same law = which, in=20 the words of St. Paul, has been written in the hearts of all men, = that=20 all should walk by it.

491. Did Jesus Christ teach men to walk = by the Ten=20 Commandments?

He bade men, if they would attain to = everlasting life, to=20 keep the Commandments and taught us to understand and fulfill = them more=20 perfectly than had been done before he came. Matt = xix. 17,=20 and v.

On the Division of the Commandments into Two = Tables.

492. What means the division of the Ten=20 Commandments into two tables?

This: that they contain two kinds of = love--love to=20 God, and love to our neighbor; and prescribe two = corresponding=20 kinds of duties.

493. Has not Jesus Christ said something = of this?=20

When asked, Which is the great commandment = in the law?=20 he replied: Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, = and with=20 all thy soul, and with all thy mind. This is the first and great = commandment.=20 And the second is like unto it: Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself. = On=20 these two commandments hang all the law and the prophets. Matt. = xxii.=20 36-40.

494. Are all men our neighbors? =

Yes, all; because all are the creation of one = God, and=20 have come from one man: but our neighbors in faith are doubly neighbors = to us,=20 as being children of one heavenly Father by faith in Jesus Christ.

495. But why is there no commandment of = love to=20 ourselves?

Because we love ourselves naturally, and = without any=20 commandment. No man ever yet hated his own flesh, but nourisheth and=20 cherisheth it. Eph. v. = 29.

496. What relative order should there be = in our=20 love to God, our neighbor, and ourselves?

We should love ourselves not for our own, but = for God's=20 sake, and partly also for the sake of our neighbors; we should love our = neighbor=20 for the sake of God; but we should love God for himself, and above all. = Love of=20 self should be sacrificed to the love of our neighbor; but both should = be=20 sacrificed to the love of God.

Greater love hath no man than this, that a = man lay=20 down his life for his friends. John xv. = 13.=20

He that loveth father or mother more than = me,=20 saith Jesus Christ, is not worthy of me; and he that loveth son or = daughter=20 more than me, is not worthy of me. Matt. x. = 37.=20

497. If the whole law is contained in = two=20 commandments, why are they divided into ten?

In order the more clearly to set forth our = duties towards=20 God, and towards our neighbor.

498. In which of the Ten Commandments = are we=20 taught our duties towards God?

In the first four.

499. What are these duties?

In the first commandment we are taught to = know and=20 worship the true God.

In the second, to abstain from false = worship.

In the third, not to sin against God's worship = even by=20 word.

In the fourth, to keep a certain order in the = time=20 and acts of God's worship.

500. In which of the Ten Commandments = are we=20 taught our duties towards our neighbor?

In the last six.

501. What are these duties?

In the fifth commandment we are taught to love = and=20 honor those of our neighbors who are nearest to us, beginning = with our=20 parents. In the sixth, not to hurt the life of our neighbor. In = the=20 seventh, not to hurt the purity of his morals. In the eighth, not = to hurt=20 his property. In the ninth, not to hurt him by word. In = the tenth,=20 not to wish to hurt him.

502. Do not the Ten Commandments include = also=20 our duties towards ourselves?

Yes; these duties are implied in the = commandments of the=20 second table relating to our neighbors; for our duty is to love our = neighbor=20 as ourselves.

 

 

On the First Commandment.

503. What mean these words, I am the = Lord thy=20 God?

By these words God, as it were, points himself = out to=20 man, and so commands him to know the Lord his God.

504. What particular duties may we = deduce from the=20 commandment to know God?

1. We must seek to learn the knowledge of = God, as=20 being the most essential of all knowledge.

2. We must listen attentively to = instructions on=20 God and on his works in church, and to religious conversations on = the=20 same at home.

3. We must read or hear read books of = instruction in the=20 knowledge of God; and in the first place, holy Scripture; = secondly,=20 the writings of the holy Fathers.

505. What are we taught in the words, = Thou=20 shalt have none other gods but me?

We are taught to turn and cleave to the one = true God, or,=20 in other words, devoutly to worship him.

506. What duties are there which refer = to the=20 inward worship of God?

1. To believe in God.

2. To walk before God; that is, to be = ever mindful=20 of him, and in all things to walk circumspectly, because he seeth not = only our=20 actions, but even our most secret thoughts.

3. To fear God, or stand in awe of him; = that is,=20 to think the anger of our heavenly Father the greatest ill that can = befall us,=20 and therefore strive not to offend him.

4. To trust in God.

5. To love God.

6. To obey God; that is, to be ever = ready to do=20 what he commands, and not to murmur when he deals with us otherwise than = we=20 could desire.

7. To adore God, as the Supreme Being. =

8. To glorify God, as being all-perfect. =

9. To give thanks to God, as our = Creator,=20 Provident Sustainer, and Saviour.

10. To call upon God, as our all-good = and almighty=20 helper, in every good work which we undertake.

507. What duties are there which refer = to the=20 outward worship of God?

1. To confess God; that is, to = acknowledge that he=20 is our God, and not deny him, although for confessing him we may have to = suffer,=20 or even die.

2. To take part in the public divine = service=20 enjoined by God and appointed by the Orthodox Church.

508. In order the more exactly to = understand and=20 keep the first commandment, we must know farther what sins there may be = against=20 it.

1. Atheism; when men, whom the Psalmist = justly=20 calls fools, wishing to rid themselves of the fear of God's judgment, = say in=20 their heart, There is no God. Psalm xiv. = 1.

2. Polytheism; when, instead of the one = true God,=20 men acknowledge a number of false deities.

3. Infidelity; when men, who admit the = existence=20 of God, disbelieve his providence and his revelation.

4. Heresy; when people mix with the = doctrine of=20 the faith opinions contrary to divine truth.

5. Schism; that is, willful departure = from the=20 unity of divine worship, and from the Orthodox Catholic Church of God. =

6. Apostasy; when any deny the true = faith from=20 fear of man, or for worldly advantage.

7. Despair; when men give up all hope = of=20 obtaining from God grace and salvation.

8. Sorcery; when men, leaving faith in = the power=20 of God, put their trust in secret and, for the most part, evil powers of = creatures, especially of evil spirits, and seek to work by their means. =

9. Superstition; when men put faith in = any common=20 thing as if it had divine power, and trust in it instead of trusting in = God, or=20 fear it instead of fearing God; as, for instance, when they put faith in = an old=20 book, and think they can be saved by none other, and must not use a new = one,=20 though the new book contain the very same doctrine, and the very same = form of=20 divine service.

10. Sloth, in respect of learning = religion, or in=20 respect of prayer, and the public service of God.

11. Love of the creature more than of = God.

12. Men-pleasing; when they seek to = please men,=20 so as for this to be careless of pleasing God.

13. Trusting in man; when any one = trusts in his=20 own means and strength, or in the means and strength of others, and not = in the=20 mercy and help of God,

509. Why must we think that = men-pleasing and=20 trusting in man are against the first commandment?

Because the man, whom we please, or in whom we = trust, so=20 as to forget God, is in some sort to us another god, in place of = the true=20 God.

510. How does holy Scripture speak of=20 men-pleasing?

The Apostle Paul says: For if I yet pleased = men, I=20 should not be the servant of Christ. Gal. i. = 10.

511. How does holy Scripture speak of = trusting in=20 man?

Thus saith the Lord: Cursed be the man that = trusteth=20 in man, and maketh flesh his arm, and whose heart departeth from the = Lord.=20 Jer. xvii. 5.

512. In order to succeed the better in = fulfilling=20 his duties to God, how must a man act by himself?

He must deny himself.

Whosoever will come after me, says = Jesus Christ,=20 let him deny himself. Mark = viii. 34.=20

513. What is it to deny one's = self?

Basil the Great explains it thus: He denies = himself=20 who puts off the old man with his deeds, which is corrupt, according to = the=20 deceitful lusts; who renounces also all worldly affections, which can = hinder his=20 intention of godliness. Perfect self-denial consists in this, that he = cease to=20 have any affection even for life itself, and bear the judgment of death = in=20 himself, that he may not trust in himself. (Can. Long. Resp. 8.) =

514. What consolation is there for him = who, by=20 denying himself, loses many natural gratifications?

The consolation of grace: a divine = consolation, which=20 even sufferings themselves can not impair.

For as the sufferings of Christ abound in = us, so our=20 consolation also aboundeth by Christ. 2 Cor. i. = 5.

515. If the first commandment teaches = us to=20 worship religiously God alone, how does it agree with this commandment = to=20 honor angels and holy men?

To pay them due and rightful honor is = altogether=20 agreeable to this commandment; because in them we honor the grace of = God, which=20 dwells and works in them, and through them seek help from God.

 

 

On the Second Commandment.

516. What is a graven image, as = spoken of=20 in the second commandment?

The commandment itself explains that a graven = image, or=20 idol, is the likeness of some creature in heaven, or earth, or in the = waters,=20 which men bow down to and serve instead of God their Maker.

517. What is forbidden, then, by the = second=20 commandment?

We are forbidden to bow down to graven images = or idols,=20 as to supposed deities, or as to likenesses of false gods.

518. Are we not hereby forbidden to = have any=20 sacred representations whatever?

By no means. This very plainly appears from = hence, that=20 the same Moses through whom God gave the commandment against graven = images,=20 received at the same time from God an order to place in the tabernacle, = or=20 movable temple of the Israelites, sacred representations of Cherubim in = gold,=20 and to place them, too, in that inner part of the temple to which the = people=20 turned for the worship of God.

519. Why is this example worthy of = remark for the=20 Orthodox Christian Church?

Because it illustrates her use of holy icons. =

520. What is an icon?

The word is Greek, and means, an image = or=20 representation. In the Orthodox Church this name designates sacred=20 representations of our Lord Jesus Christ, God incarnate, his immaculate = Mother,=20 and his saints.

521. Is the use of holy icons agreeable = to the=20 second commandment?

It would then, and then only, be otherwise, if = any one=20 were to make gods of them; but it is not in the least contrary to this=20 commandment to honor icons as sacred representations, and to use them = for the=20 religious remembrance of God's works and of his saints; for when thus = used icons=20 are books, written with the forms of persons and things instead of = letters. (See=20 Greg. Magn. lib. ix. Ep. 9, ad Seren. Episc.)

522. What disposition of mind should we = have when=20 we reverence the icons?

While we look on them with our eyes, we should = mentally=20 look to God and to the saints, who are represented on them.

523. What general name is there for sin = against=20 the second commandment?

Idolatry.

524. Are there not also other sins = against this=20 commandment? Besides gross idolatry there is yet another sort more = subtle, to=20 which belong--

1. Covetousness.

2. Belly-service or sensuality, = gluttony,=20 and drunkenness.

3. Pride, to which belongs likewise = vanity.=20

525. Why is covetousness referred to = idolatry?=20

The Apostle Paul expressly says that = covetousness is=20 idolatry (Col. iii. = 5);=20 because the covetous man serves riches rather than God.

526. If the second commandment forbid = the love of=20 gain, what contrary duties does it thereby necessarily enjoin?

Those of contentedness and = liberality.=20

527. Why is belly-service referred to = idolatry?=20

Because belly-servers set sensual = gratification above=20 every thing, and therefore the Apostle Paul says that their god is = their=20 belly; or, in other words, that the belly is their idol. Phil. = iii. 19.=20

528. If the second commandment forbid=20 belly-service, what contrary duties does it thereby enjoin?

Those of temperance and = fasting.=20

529. Why are pride and vanity referred = to=20 idolatry?

Because the proud man values above every thing = his own=20 abilities and excellences, and so they are his idol; the vain man wishes = further=20 that others also should worship the same idol. These proud and vain = dispositions=20 were exemplified even sensibly in Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, who = first set=20 up for himself a golden idol, and then ordered all to worship it. Dan. iii. =

530. Is there not still another vice = which is=20 near to idolatry?

Such a vice is hypocrisy; when a man = uses the=20 outward acts of religion, as fasting, and the strict observance of = ceremonies,=20 in order to obtain respect from the people, without thinking of the = inward=20 amendment of his heart. Matt.=20 vi. 5, 6, 7.

531. If the second commandment forbid = pride,=20 vanity, and hypocrisy, what contrary duties does it thereby enjoin?

Those of humility, and doing good in = secret.

On the Third Commandment.

532. When is God's name taken in = vain?=20

It is taken or uttered in vain when it is = uttered in=20 vain and unprofitable talk, and still more so when it is uttered = lyingly=20 or irreverently.

533. What sins are forbidden by the = third=20 commandment?

1. Blasphemy, or daring words against = God.

2. Murmuring, or complaining against = God's=20 providence.

3. Profaneness; when holy things are = jested on,=20 or insulted.

4. Inattention in prayer.

5. Perjury; when men affirm with an = oath what is=20 false.

6. Oath-breaking; when men keep not = just and=20 lawful oaths.

7. Breach of vows made to God.

8. Common swearing, or thoughtless = oaths in=20 common talk.

534. Are not such oaths specially = forbidden in=20 holy Scripture?

The Saviour says: I say unto you, Swear not = at all,=20 but let your communication be, Yea, yea; Nay, nay: for whatsoever is = more than=20 these cometh of evil. = Matt. v.=20 34, 37.

535. Does not this go to forbid all = oaths in=20 civil matters?

The Apostle Paul says: Men swear by the = greater; and=20 an oath for confirmation is to them an end of all strife. Wherein God, = willing=20 more abundantly to show unto the heirs of promise the immutability of = his=20 counsel, confirmed it by an oath. He= b. vi. 16,=20 17. Hence we must conclude, that if God himself for an immutable = assurance=20 used an oath, much more may we on grave and necessary occasions, when = required=20 by lawful authority, take an oath or vow religiously, with the firm = intention of=20 not breaking it.

 

 

On the Fourth Commandment.

536. Why is it commanded to keep the=20 seventh, rather than any other day, holy to God?

Because God in six days made the world, and on = the=20 seventh day rested from the work of creation.

537. Is the Sabbath kept in the = Christian=20 Church?

It is not kept, strictly speaking, as a holy = day; but=20 still in memory of the creation of the world, and in continuation of its = original observance, it is distinguished from the other days of the week = by a=20 relaxation of the rule for fasting.

538. How, then, does the Christian = Church obey=20 the fourth commandment?

She still to every six days keeps a seventh, = only not=20 the last of the seven days, which is the Sabbath, but the first day in = every=20 week, which is the Day of the Resurrection, or lord's Day. =

539. Since when do we keep the Day of = the=20 Resurrection?

From the very time of Christ's resurrection. =

540. Is there any mention in holy = Scripture of=20 keeping the day of the Resurrection?

In the book of the Acts of the Apostles it is = mentioned=20 that the disciples--that is, the Christians--came together on the = first day=20 after the Sabbath, which was the first day of the week, or Day of = the=20 Resurrection, for the breaking of bread, that is to say, for the=20 celebration of the Sacrament of the Communion. Acts xx. = 7. The=20 Apostle and Evangelist John also in the Apocalypse mentions the = Lord's=20 Day, or the Day of the Resurrection.

541. Is there not yet something more to = be=20 understood under the name of the seventh day, or Sabbath?

As in the Church of the Old Testament the name = Sabbath=20 was understood to include divers other days appointed like the Sabbath = for=20 festivals or fasts, as the festival of the Passover, and the = day of=20 Atonement, so likewise are we now in the Christian Church bound to = keep,=20 besides the Lord's Day, certain others also, which have been appointed = as=20 festivals to the glory of God and the honor of the Blessed Virgin = and=20 other saints, or as days of fasting. (See Orthod. Confess. Pt. = III. Q.=20 60; Pt. I. Q. 88.)

542. Which are the chief festivals? =

Those appointed in memory of the chief events = relating=20 to the Incarnation of the Son of God for our salvation, and to the = Manifestation=20 of the Godhead; after these, those appointed in honor of the Most Holy = Mother of=20 God, as the instrument of the mystery of the Incarnation. Such, in the = order of=20 the events, are the following:

1. The day of the birth of the Most Holy = Mother of God.=20

2. The day of her being brought to the Temple = to be=20 dedicated to God.

3. The day of the Annunciation; that is, when = the angel=20 announced to the Most Holy Virgin the Incarnation of the Son of God. =

4. The day of the birth of Jesus Christ.

5. The day of the baptism of our Lord, and the = Epiphany,=20 or Manifestation of the Most Holy Trinity.

6. The day of our Lord's being met in the = Temple by=20 Simeon.

7. The day of our Lord's Transfiguration.

8. The day of our Lord's entry into Jerusalem. =

9. Pasch, or Easter: the feast of feasts, the=20 anticipation of the everlasting feast of everlasting blessedness.

10. The day of our Lord's Ascension into = heaven.

11. The feast of Pentecost; in memory of the = Descent of=20 the Holy Ghost, and in honor of the Most Holy Trinity.

12. The day of the Elevation of the Cross of = our Lord,=20 discovered by the Empress Helena.

13. The day of the Rest2 of the Most Holy Mother of = God.

543. What is the chief fast?

The great fast; that is, Lent, = or=20 Quadragesima.

544. Why is it called Quadragesima? =

Because it continues forty days, besides the = week of=20 Christ's Passion.

545. Why has it been appointed that the = great=20 fast should continue forty days?

After the example of Jesus Christ himself, who = fasted=20 forty days. Matt. iv. = 2.

546. Why has it been appointed to fast = on the=20 Wednesday and the Friday?

On Wednesday, in memory of the betrayal of our = Lord=20 Jesus Christ to suffer; and on Friday, in memory of his actual suffering = and=20 death.

547. For what cause are the fasts = before the=20 Nativity, the Rest of the Blessed Virgin and the Day of the Holy = Apostles?

The first two as preparatory exercises of = abstinence,=20 the better to honor the ensuing feasts of the Nativity, and of the Rest = of the=20 Mother of God; the last not only for like reason, but also in imitation = of the=20 Apostles, who fasted to prepare themselves for the work of preaching the = Gospel.=20 Acts = xiii. 3.=20

548. How should we spend our time on = Sundays, and=20 the other greater holy days, in order to keep the fourth commandment? =

First, on these days we should not = labor, or do=20 worldly and temporal business; secondly, we should keep them holy, that = is, use=20 them for holy and spiritual works, to the glory of God.

549. Why are we forbidden to work on = holy days?=20

That we may with the less hindrance employ = them in holy=20 and godly works.

550. What particular things is it fit = to do on=20 holy days?

First, to go to church, for the public = worship,=20 and for instruction in the Word of God; secondly, when at home, to give=20 ourselves to prayer and reading, or edifying conversation; = thirdly, to=20 dedicate to God a portion of our means, expending it on the necessities = of the=20 Church and her ministers, and in alms to the poor, to visit the = sick and=20 prisoners, and to do other works of Christian charity.

551. But should we not do such things = on=20 work-days also?

It is well, if any can; but he whom business = prevents=20 should at any rate devote holy days to such works. But as regards = prayer, it is=20 certainly our bounden duty to use it every day, morning and evening, = before and=20 after both dinner and supper, and, as far as possible, at the beginning = and=20 ending of every work.

552. What are we to think of those who = on holy=20 days allow themselves to indulge in indecent plays and shows, vulgar = songs, and=20 intemperance in meat and drink?

Such people greatly desecrate holy days For if = even=20 works innocent and useful for this present life are unfit for holy days, = much=20 more such as these, which are unprofitable, carnal, and vicious.

553. When the fourth commandment speaks = of=20 working six days, does it not thereby condemn those who do nothing?

Without doubt it condemns all who on common = days do not=20 give themselves to works befitting their calling, but spend their time = in=20 idleness and dissipation.

 

 

On the Fifth Commandment.

554. What special duties are prescribed = by the=20 fifth commandment in regard to parents, under the general phrase = of=20 honoring them?

1. To behave respectfully to them.

2. To obey them.

3. To support and comfort them in = sickness and=20 age.

4. After their death, as well as during their = lives,=20 to pray for the salvation of their souls; and faithfully to = fulfill their=20 last wills, so far as they are not contrary to law, divine or = civil. See=20 2 Macc.=20 xii. 43, 44; = Jer. xxxv.=20 18, 19. (J. Damasc. Serm. de Mort.)

555. What degree of sin is there in = undutifulness=20 to parents?

In proportion as it is easy and natural to = love and=20 honor parents, to whom we owe our being, the more grievous is the sin of = undutifulness towards them: for this cause in the law of Moses he that = cursed=20 father or mother was to be put to death. Exod. = xxi. 17.=20

556. Why has this particular = commandment to honor=20 parents a promise added to it of prosperity and long life?

That men by a visible reward might be the more = moved to=20 fulfill a commandment on which the good order first of families and = afterwards=20 of all social life depends.

557. How is this promise fulfilled? =

The examples of the old Patriarchs or Fathers = show that=20 God gives special force to the blessing of parents. Gen. = xxvii. The=20 blessing of the father establisheth the houses of the children. Ecclus. = iii. 9. God=20 of his wise and just providence specially protects the life and promotes = the=20 prosperity of such as honor their parents upon earth; but for the = perfect reward=20 of the perfect virtue he gives everlasting life and blessedness in the = heavenly=20 country.

558. Why in those commandments which = teach love=20 to our neighbors is mention made first of all of parents?

Because parents are naturally nearer to us = than all=20 others.

559. Are there not others also to be = understood=20 in the fifth commandment under the name of parents?

Yes; all who in different relations stand to = us in the=20 place of parents.

560. Who stand to us in the place of = parents?=20

1. Our sovereign and our = country; for an=20 empire is a great family, in which the sovereign is father, and the = subjects=20 children of the sovereign and their country.

2. Our spiritual pastors and = teachers; for=20 they by their doctrine and by the Sacraments beget us to spiritual life, = and=20 nurture us up in it.

3. Our elders in age.

4. Our benefactors.

5. Our governors, or superiors, in = different=20 relations.

561. How does holy Scripture speak of = the honor=20 due to the sovereign?

Let every soul be subject to the higher = powers. For=20 there is no power but of God: the powers that be are ordained of God. = Whosoever=20 therefore resisteth the power, resisteth the ordinance of God. Ro= m. xiii. 1,=20 2.

Wherefore ye must needs be subject, not = only for=20 wrath, but also for conscience' sake. Rom. xiii. = 5.

My son, fear God and the king, and oppose = neither of=20 them. Prov xxiv. 21.

Render therefore unto C=C3=A6sar the things = which are=20 C=C3=A6sar's; and unto God the things that are God's. Matt. = xxii. 21.=20

Fear God; honor the king. 1 Pet. = ii. 17.=20

562. How far should love to our = sovereign and=20 country go?

So far as to make us ready to lay down our = life for=20 them. John xv. = 13.=20

563. How does holy Scripture speak of = the duty of=20 honoring spiritual pastors and teachers?

Obey them that have the rule over you, and = submit=20 yourselves: for they watch for your souls, as they that must give = account, that=20 they may do it with joy, and not with grief: for that is unprofitable = for=20 you. Heb. = xiii. 17.=20

564. Is there in holy Scripture any = particular=20 injunction to honor elders in age as parents?

The Apostle Paul writes to Timothy thus: = Rebuke not=20 an elder, but entreat him as a father; younger men as brethren; elder = women as=20 mothers. 1 Tim. v. 1,2.

Thou shalt rise up before the hoary head, = and honor=20 the face of the old man, and fear the Lord thy God. Lev. xix. = 32.=20

565. How may we be assured that we = ought to honor=20 benefactors as parents?

By the example of Jesus Christ himself, who = was=20 subject to Joseph; although Joseph was not his father, but only his=20 guardian. Luke ii. = 51.

566. Besides these, who are our = superiors, whom=20 we must honor after parents, and like them?

They who in place of parents take care of our = education,=20 as governors in schools, and masters; they who preserve us = from=20 irregularities and disorders in society, as civil magistrates; = they who=20 protect us from wrong by the power of the law, as judges; they to = whom=20 the sovereign intrusts the guardianship and defense of the public safety = against=20 enemies, as military commanders; and, lastly, masters, so = far as=20 relates to those who serve them, or belong to them.

567. What does holy Scripture prescribe = as to our=20 duty with respect to authorities generally?

Render therefore to all their dues: tribute = to whom=20 tribute is due; custom to whom custom; fear to whom fear; honor to whom=20 honor. Rom. xiii. = 7.

568. How does holy Scripture speak of = the=20 obedience due from servants and serfs to their masters?

Servants, be obedient to them that are your = masters=20 according to the flesh, with fear and trembling, in singleness of your = heart, as=20 unto Christ; not with eye-service as men-pleasers, but as the servants = of=20 Christ, doing the will of God from the heart. Eph.= vi. 5,=20 6.

Servants, be subject to your masters with = all fear,=20 not only to the good and gentle, out also to the froward. 1 Peter = ii. 18.=20

569. If holy Scripture prescribe duties = towards=20 parents, does it not likewise prescribe duties towards children? =

It does.

Fathers, provoke not your children to = wrath, but=20 bring them up in the nurture and admonition of the Lord. Eph. vi. = 4.

570. How does holy Scripture speak of = the duty of=20 pastors towards their spiritual flock?

Feed the flock of God which is among you, = taking the=20 oversight thereof not by constraint, but willingly, and according to = God; not=20 for filthy lucre, but of a ready mind; neither as being lords over God's = heritage, but being ensamples to the flock.. 1 = Pet. v. 2,=20 3.

571. How does holy Scripture speak of = the duty of=20 them that are in authority, and of masters?

Masters, give unto your servants that which = is just=20 and equal, knowing that ye also have a Master in heaven. Coloss. iv. = 1.

572. How ought we to act, if it fall = out that our=20 parents or governors require of ns any thing contrary to the faith or to = the law=20 of God?

In that case we should say to them, as the = Apostles said=20 to the rulers of the Jews: Whether it be right in the sight of God to = hearken=20 unto you more than unto God, judge ye; and we should be ready, for = the sake=20 of the faith and the law of God, to endure the consequences, whatever = they may=20 be. Acts iv. = 19.

573. What is the general name for that = quality or=20 virtue which is required by the fifth commandment?

Obedience.

 

 

On the Sixth Commandment.

574. What is forbidden by the sixth = commandment?=20

Murder; that is, taking away the life = of our=20 neighbor in any manner whatever.

575. Is it in all cases murder, and = against this=20 commandment, to kill?

No. It is not murder, nor against this = commandment, when=20 life is taken in the execution of duty; as, when a criminal is = punished=20 with death, by just judgment; nor, again, when an enemy is killed in = war,=20 in defense of our sovereign and country.

576. What is to be thought of = involuntary=20 homicide, when a man is killed accidentally and unintentionally?

The man who is guilty of involuntary homicide = can not be=20 reckoned blameless, unless he took all proper precautions against the = accident;=20 at any rate, he needs to have his conscience cleansed according to the = Canons of=20 the Church.

577. What cases must be reckoned as = murder, and=20 as breaches of this commandment?

Besides direct murder, by whatever means, the = same sin=20 may be committed in the following, and in similar cases:

1. When a judge condemns a prisoner = whom he knows=20 to be innocent.

2. When any one conceals or sets = free a=20 murderer, and so gives him opportunity for fresh crime.

3. When any one can save his neighbor from = death, but=20 does not save him; as, when a rich man suffers a poor man to die = of=20 hunger.

4. When any one by excessive burdens and cruel = punishments wears out those under him, and so hastens their = death.

5. When any one, through intemperance or other = vices,=20 shortens his own life.

578. What are we to think of = suicide?

That it is the most criminal of all murders. = For if it=20 be contrary to nature to kill another man like unto ourselves, much more = is it,=20 contrary to nature to kill our own selves. Our life is not our own, but = God's=20 who gave it.

579. What are we to think of = duels, to=20 decide private quarrels?

Since the decision of private quarrels belongs = to=20 government, while the duelist, instead of having recourse to law, = willfully=20 determines on an act which involves manifest danger of death both to = himself and=20 his opponent, it is evident that a duel implies three dreadful crimes--=20 rebellion, murder, and suicide.

580. Besides murder of the body, is = there not=20 such a thing as spiritual murder?

A kind of spiritual murder is the causing = of=20 offense: when any one causes his neighbor to fall into infidelity or = into=20 sin, and so subjects his soul to spiritual death.

The Saviour says: Whoso shall offend one of = these=20 little ones which believe in me, it were better for him that a millstone = were=20 hanged about his neck, and that he were drowned in the depth of the = sea. Matt. = xviii. 6.=20

581. Are there not still some more = subtle forms=20 of murder?

To this sin are more or less referable all = acts and=20 words against charity; all which unjustly affect the peace and security = of our=20 neighbor; and, lastly, all inward malice against him, even though = it be=20 not shown openly.

Whosoever hateth his brother is a = murderer. 1 John = iii. 15.=20

582. When we are forbidden to hurt the = life of=20 our neighbor, what positive duty is thereby enjoined?

That of doing all we can to secure his life = and=20 well-being.

583. What duties follow from hence?

Those of 1. Helping the poor; 2. Ministering to the sick; 3. = Comforting the=20 afflicted; 4. Alleviating the distress of the unfortunate; 5. Behaving = in a=20 gentle, affectionate, and edifying manner to all; 6. Reconciling = ourselves with=20 those that are angry; 7. Forgiving injuries, and doing good to our = enemies.

 

 

On the Seventh Commandment.

584. What is forbidden by the seventh commandment? = Adultery.=20

585. What forms of sin are forbidden under the name of = adultery?

The Apostle Paul would have Christians not even to speak of such = impurities.=20 Eph. v. = 3. It is=20 only of necessity, to forewarn people against such sins, that we shall = here name=20 some of them. Such are--

1. Fornication; or irregular carnal love between unmarried = persons. 2.=20 Adultery; when married persons unlawfully give that love which = they owe=20 each other to strangers. 3. Incest; when near relations enter = into a=20 union like that of matrimony.

586. What does our Saviour teach us to think of adultery?

He has said that Whosoever looketh on a woman to lust after her = hath=20 committed adultery with her already in his heart. Matt. v. = 28.

587. What should we do in order to guard against falling into = this=20 subtle inward adultery?

We should avoid every thing that may excite impure feelings in the = heart; as=20 wanton songs and dances, lewd conversation, immodest games and jokes, = immodest=20 sights, and the reading of books which contain descriptions of impure = love. We=20 should strive, according to the Gospel, not even to look on that which = may cause=20 us to fall.

If thy right eye offend thee, pluck it out, and cast it from thee; = for it=20 is profitable for thee that one of thy members should perish, and not = that thy=20 whole body should he cast into hell. Matt. v. = 29.

588. Must we, then, literally pluck out the offending = eye?

We must pluck it out, not with the hand, but with the will. He who = has firmly=20 resolved not even to look upon that which causes him to offend hath = already=20 plucked out the offending eye.

589. When the sin of adultery is forbidden, what contrary = virtues are=20 thereby enjoined?

Those of conjugal love and fidelity; and, for such as can = receive it,=20 perfect purity and chastity.

590. How does holy Scripture speak of the duties of man and = wife?

Husbands, love your wives, even as Christ also loved the Church, = and gave=20 himself for it. Eph. v. = 25.=20 Wives, submit yourselves unto your own husbands, as unto the Lord; = for the=20 husband is the head of the wife, even as Christ is the head of the = Church; and=20 he is the Saviour of the body. Ep= h. v. 22,=20 23.

591. What motives does holy Scripture set before us to make us = flee=20 fornication and live chastely?

It bids us keep our bodies in purity, because they are the members = of=20 Christ, and temples of the Holy Ghost; while, on the other = hand, he=20 who committeth fornication sinneth against his own body; that is, = corrupts it, infects it with diseases, and, further, hurts his mental = faculties,=20 such as imagination and memory. See 1=20 Cor. vi. 15, 18, 19.

 

 

On the Eighth Commandment.

592. What is forbidden by the eighth commandment?

To steal, or in any way appropriate to ourselves that which = belongs to=20 another.

593. What particular sins are forbidden thereby?

The chief are--

1. Robbery, or the taking of any thing that belongs to another = openly,=20 by force.

2. Theft, or taking what belongs to another privily.

3. Fraud, or appropriating to ourselves any thing that is = another's by=20 artifice; as when men pass off counterfeit money for true, or bad wares = for=20 good; or use false weights and measures, to give less than they have = sold; or=20 conceal their effects to avoid paying their debts; or do not honestly = fulfill=20 contracts, or execute wills; when they screen others guilty of = dishonesty, and=20 so defraud the injured of justice.

4. Sacrilege, or appropriating to ourselves what has been = dedicated to=20 God, or belongs to the Church.

5. Spiritual sacrilege;3 when one sinfully gives and = another=20 fraudulently obtains any sacred office, not of desert, but for gain. =

6. Bribery; when men receive a bribe from those under them in = office=20 or jurisdiction, and for gain promote the unworthy, acquit the guilty, = or=20 oppress the innocent.

7. Eating the bread of idleness; when men receive salary for = duty, or=20 pay for work, which they neglect, and so in fact steal both their pay = and that=20 profit which society, or he whom they served, should have had of their = labor; in=20 like manner when they who are able to support themselves by work, = instead of so=20 doing live upon alms.

8. Extortion; when, under the show of some right, but really = against=20 equity and humanity, men make their own advantage of the property, the = labors,=20 or even the misfortunes of others; as when creditors oppress their = debtors by=20 usury; when masters wear out their dependents by excessive imposts or = tasks;=20 when in time of famine men sell bread at an exorbitant price.

594. When these sins are forbidden, what contrary virtues are = thereby=20 enjoined?

Those of--1. Disinterestedness; 2. Good faith in performing = engagements; 3. Justice; 4. Mercy to the poor.

595. Does he, then, who is not merciful to the poor sin = against the=20 eighth commandment?

Certainly he does, if he have the means of assisting them; for all = that we=20 have belongs properly to God, and our abundance is given us by his = Providence=20 for the assistance of the poor; wherefore, if we do not impart to them = of our=20 abundance, we do in fact thereby rob and defraud them of their right, = and the=20 gift of God.

596. Is there not yet a higher virtue contrary to sins against = the=20 eighth commandment?

Such a virtue is absolute poverty, or the renunciation of all=20 property; which is proposed by the Gospel not as a duty for all, but as = a=20 counsel for them that would be perfect.

If thou wilt be perfect, go and sell that thou hast, and give to = the poor;=20 and thou shalt hare treasure in heaven. Matt. = xix.=20 21.

 

 

On the Ninth Commandment.

597. What is forbidden by the ninth commandment?

False witness against our neighbor, and all lying.

598. What is forbidden under the words false witness? =

1. False witness in a court of justice; when men bear witness, = inform,=20 or complain falsely against any one.

2. False witness out of court, when men slander any one behind = his=20 back, or blame him to his face unjustly.

599. But is it allowable to censure others when they are = really to=20 blame?

No; the Gospel does not allow us to judge even of the real vices or = faults of=20 our neighbors, unless we are called by any special office to do so, for = their=20 punishment or amendment.

Judge not, that ye be not judged. Matt. vii. = 1.

600. Are not such lies allowable as involve no purpose of = hurting our=20 neighbor?

No; for they are inconsistent with love and = respect for=20 our neighbor, and unworthy of a man, much more of a Christian, who has = been=20 created for truth and love.

Wherefore putting away lying, speak every man truth with his = neighbor; for=20 we are members one of another. Eph. iv. = 25.

601. If we would avoid sins against the ninth commandment, = what rule=20 must we follow?

We must bridle our tongue. He that will love life, and see good = days, let=20 him refrain his tongue from evil, and his lips that they speak, no = guile. 1 Pet. = iii. 10.=20 If any man among you seem to be religious, and bridleth not his = tongue, but=20 deceiveth his own heart, this man's religion is vain. James i. = 26.

 

 

On the Tenth Commandment.

602. What is forbidden by the tenth commandment?

All wishes inconsistent with charity to our neighbor, and=20 thoughts which are inseparable from such wishes.

603. Why are we forbidden not only evil deeds, but also evil = wishes=20 and thoughts?

First, because when the soul entertains any evil wishes or thoughts, = it is=20 already impure in God's sight, and unworthy of him; as Solomon says: = The=20 unjust thought is an abomination to the Lord. Prov. = xv. 26.=20 And therefore we must needs cleanse ourselves also from these inward = impurities=20 also, as the Apostle teaches: Let us cleanse ourselves from all = filthiness of=20 the flesh and spirit, perfecting holiness in the fear of the Lord. = 2 Cor. = vii. 1.=20

Secondly, because, to prevent sinful acts, it is necessary to crush = sinful=20 wishes and thoughts, from which, as from seeds, such actions spring; as = it is=20 said: For out of the heart proceed evil thoughts, murders, = adulteries,=20 fornications, thefts, false witness, blasphemies. Matt. = xv. 19.=20 Every man is tempted, when he is drawn away of his own lust, and = enticed.=20 Then, when lust hath conceived, it bringeth forth sin; and sin, when it = is=20 finished, bringeth forth death. Ja= mes i. 14,=20 15.

604. When we are forbidden to desire any thing of our = neighbor's, what=20 passion is thereby

Envy.

605. What is forbidden by the words, Thou shalt not covet = thy=20 neighbor's wife?

All lustful thoughts and wishes, or inward = adultery.

606. What is forbidden by the words, Thou shalt not covet = thy=20 neighbor's house, nor his land, nor his man-servant, nor his = maid-servant, nor=20 his ox, nor his ass, nor any of his cattle, nor any thing that is = his?

All thoughts of avarice and ambition.

607. What positive duties, corresponding to these = prohibitions, are=20 prescribed by the tenth commandment?

First, to keep purity of heart; and, secondly, to be = content with=20 our lot.

608. What is indispensable for the cleansing of the heart? =

The frequent and earnest invocation of the name of our Lord Jesus=20 Christ.

1 [Blackmore uses charity in conformity with the = English Bible=20 (1 Cor. = xiii. etc.);=20 but love is the more correct rendering of =E1=BC=80=CE=B3=E1=BD=B1=CF=80=CE=B7 (=20 Liebe ), since it applies to God as well as = man,=20 while charity is now used in a more restricted sense.

2 [Greek: =E1=BC=A9 = =CE=BA=CE=BF=E1=BD=B7=CE=BC=CE=B7=CF=83=CE=B9=CF=82 . German:=20 Der Tag der Entschlafung.--Ed.]

3 Greek: =CF=80=CE=BD=CE=B5=CF=85=CE=BC=CE=B1=CF=84=CE=B9=CE=BA=E1=BD=B4= =E1=BC=B1=CE=B5=CF=81=CE=BF=CF=83=CF=85=CE=BB=E1=BD=B7=CE=B1. = German:=20 Simonie.

 

 

CONCLUSION.

Application of the Doctrine of Faith and = Piety.

609. How must we apply the doctrine of = faith and=20 piety?

We must = act according=20 to our knowledge, and keep before our eyes the fearful judgment = threatened for=20 disobedience.

If ye know = these things,=20 happy are ye if ye do them. John = xiii. 17.=20 That servant which knew his Lord's will, and prepared not himself, = neither=20 did according to his will, shall be beaten with many stripes. Luke = xii. 47.=20

610. What must a man do when he is conscious of any sin?

Not only should lie immediately repent, and firmly resolve to avoid = the same=20 sin for the future, but also strive, as far as possible, to repair the = scandal=20 or injury that he has wrought by contrary good deeds.

Thus it was that Zaccheus the Publican acted, when he said to the = lord,=20 Behold, Lord, the half of my goods I give to the poor; and if I have = taken=20 any thing away from any one by false accusation, I restore him = fourfold. Luke xix. = 8.

611. What caution do we need when we seem to ourselves to have = fulfilled any commandment?

We must then dispose our hearts according to the words of Jesus = Christ:=20 When ye shall have done all those things which are commanded you, = say, We are=20 unprofitable servants: we have done that which was our duty to do. = Luke = xvii. 10.=20

 

[The Longer Catechism of the Orthodox, Catholic, Eastern Church, also = known=20 as the Catechism of St. Philaret, Metropolitan of Moscow, is taken from = The Creeds=20 of Christendom with a History and Critical Notes by Philip Schaff. = The=20 entire book is available online at the Christian Classics Ethereal Library.]

 

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a.href = "#" + hi.element.id; a.appendChild(document.createTextNode(hi.text)); d.appendChild(a); d.className = "level" + hi.level; parent.appendChild(d); } } ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C7B37D.4031FC10--