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    St. Irenaeus, Against the Heresies, Book = III

    But, again, when we refer them to that tradition which = originates=20 from the apostles, [and] which is preserved by means of the=20 succession of presbyters in the Churches, they object to = tradition,=20 saying that they themselves are wiser not merely than the=20 presbyters, but even than the apostles, because they have = discovered=20 the unadulterated truth...

    It is within the power of all, therefore, in every = Church, who=20 may wish to see the truth, to contemplate clearly the = tradition of=20 the apostles manifested throughout the whole world; and we = are in a=20 position to reckon up those who were by the apostles = instituted=20 bishops in the Churches, and [to demonstrate] the succession = of=20 these men to our own times; those who neither taught nor = knew of=20 anything like what these [heretics] rave about... .

    In this order, and by this succession, the ecclesiastical = tradition from the apostles, and the preaching of the truth, = have=20 come down to us. And this is most abundant proof that there = is one=20 and the same vivifying faith, which has been preserved in = the Church=20 from the apostles until now, and handed down in truth.

    St. Basil the Great, On the Holy Spirit, = Chapter=20 27

    65. The word "in" say our opponents, "is exactly = appropriate to=20 the Spirit, and sufficient for every thought concerning Him. = Why=20 then, they ask, have we introduced this new phrase, saying, = "with=20 the Spirit" instead of "in the Holy Spirit," thus employing = an=20 expression which is quite unnecessary, and sanctioned by no = usage in=20 the churches? Now it has been asserted in the previous = portion of=20 this treatise that the word "in" has not been specially = allotted to=20 the Holy Spirit, but is common to the Father and the Son. It = has=20 also been, in my opinion, sufficiently demonstrated that, so = far=20 from detracting anything from the dignity of the Spirit, it = leads=20 all, but those whose thoughts are wholly perverted, to the = sublimest=20 height. It remains for me to trace the origin of the word = "with;" to=20 explain what force it has, and to show that it is in harmony = with=20 Scripture.

    66. Of the beliefs and practices whether generally = accepted or=20 publicly enjoined which are preserved in the Church some we = possess=20 derived from written teaching; others we have received = delivered to=20 us "in a mystery" by the tradition of the apostles; and both = of=20 these in relation to true religion have the same force. And = these no=20 one will gainsay; =E2=80=94 no one, at all events, who is = even moderately=20 versed in the institutions of the Church. For were we to = attempt to=20 reject such customs as have no written authority, on the = ground that=20 the importance they possess is small, we should = unintentionally=20 injure the Gospel in its very vitals; or, rather, should = make our=20 public definition a mere phrase and nothing more. For = instance, to=20 take the first and most general example, who is thence who = has=20 taught us in writing to sign with the sign of the cross = those who=20 have trusted in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ? What = writing has=20 taught us to turn to the East at the prayer? Which of the = saints has=20 left us in writing the words of the invocation at the = displaying of=20 the bread of the Eucharist and the cup of blessing? For we = are not,=20 as is well known, content with what the apostle or the = Gospel has=20 recorded, but both in preface and conclusion we add other = words as=20 being of great importance to the validity of the ministry, = and these=20 we derive from unwritten teaching. Moreover we bless the = water of=20 baptism and the oil of the chrism, and besides this the = catechumen=20 who is being baptized. On what written authority do we do = this? Is=20 not our authority silent and mystical tradition? Nay, by = what=20 written word is the anointing of oil itself taught? And = whence comes=20 the custom of baptizing thrice? And as to the other customs = of=20 baptism from what Scripture do we derive the renunciation of = Satan=20 and his angels? Does not this come from that unpublished and = secret=20 teaching which our fathers guarded in a silence out of the = reach of=20 curious meddling and inquisitive investigation? Well had = they learnt=20 the lesson that the awful dignity of the mysteries is best = preserved=20 by silence. What the uninitiated are not even allowed: to = look at=20 was hardly likely to be publicly paraded about in written = documents.=20 What was the meaning of the mighty Moses in not making all = the parts=20 of the tabernacle open to every one? The profane he = stationed=20 without the sacred barriers; the first courts he conceded to = the=20 purer; the Levites alone he judged worthy of being servants = of the=20 Deity; sacrifices and burnt offerings and the rest of the = priestly=20 functions he allotted to the priests; one chosen out of all = he=20 admitted to the shrine, and even this one not always but on = only one=20 day in the year, and of this one day a time was fixed for = his entry=20 so that he might gaze on the Holy of Holies amazed at the=20 strangeness and novelty of the sight. Moses was wise enough = to know=20 that contempt stretches to the trite and to the obvious, = while a=20 keen interest is naturally associated with the unusual and = the=20 unfamiliar. In the same manner the Apostles and Fathers who = laid=20 down laws for the Church from the beginning thus guarded the = awful=20 dignity of the mysteries in secrecy and silence, for what is = bruited=20 abroad random among the common folk is no mystery at all. = This is=20 the reason for our tradition of unwritten precepts and = practices,=20 that the knowledge of our dogmas may not become neglected = and=20 contemned by the multitude through familiarity. "Dogma" and=20 "Kerygma" are two distinct things; the former is = observed=20 in silence; the latter is proclaimed to all the world. One = form of=20 this silence is the obscurity employed in Scripture, which = makes the=20 meaning of "dogmas" difficult to be understood for the very=20 advantage of the reader: Thus we all look to the East at our = prayers, but few of us know that we are seeking our own old = country,=20 Paradise, which God planted in Eden in the East. We pray = standing,=20 on the first day of the week, but we do not all know the = reason. On=20 the day of the resurrection (or "standing again" Grk.=20 anastasin) we remind ourselves of the grace given = to us by=20 standing at prayer, not only because we rose with Christ, = and are=20 bound to "seek those things which are above," but because = the day=20 seems to us to be in some sense an image of the age which we = expect,=20 wherefore, though it is the beginning of days, it is not = called by=20 Moses first, but one. For he says "There = was=20 evening, and there was morning, one day," as though the same = day=20 often recurred. Now "one and "eighth" are the same, in = itself=20 distinctly indicating that really "one" and "eighth" of = which the=20 Psalmist makes mention in certain titles of the Psalms, the = state=20 which follows after this present time, the day which knows = no waning=20 or eventide, and no successor, that age which endeth not or = groweth=20 old. Of necessity, then, the church teaches her own foster = children=20 to offer their prayers on that day standing, to the end that = through=20 continual reminder of the endless life we may not neglect to = make=20 provision for our removal thither. Moreover all Pentecost is = a=20 reminder of the resurrection expected in the age to come. = For that=20 one and first day, if seven times multiplied by seven, = completes the=20 seven weeks of the holy Pentecost; for, beginning at the = first,=20 Pentecost ends with the same, making fifty revolutions = through the=20 like intervening days. And so it is a likeness of eternity,=20 beginning as it does and ending, as in a circling course, at = the=20 same point. On this day the rules of the church have = educated us to=20 prefer the upright attitude of prayer, for by their plain = reminder=20 they, as it were, make our mind to dwell no longer in the = present=20 but in the future. Moreover every time we fall upon our = knees and=20 rise from off them we show by the very deed that by our sin = we fell=20 down to earth, and by the loving kindness of our Creator = were called=20 hack to heaven.

    67. Time will fail me if I attempt to recount the = unwritten=20 mysteries of the Church. Of the rest I say nothing; but of = the very=20 confession of our faith in Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, what = is the=20 written source? If it be granted that, as we are baptized, = so also=20 under the obligation to believe, we make our confession in = like=20 terms as our baptism, in accordance with the tradition of = our=20 baptism and in conformity with the principles of true = religion, let=20 our opponents grant us too the right to be as consistent in = our=20 ascription of glory as in our confession of faith. If they = deprecate=20 our doxology on the ground that it lacks written authority, = let them=20 give us the written evidence for the confession of our faith = and the=20 other matters which we have enumerated. While the unwritten=20 traditions are so many, and their bearing on "the mystery of = godliness is so important, can they refuse to allow us a = single word=20 which has come down to us from the Fathers; =E2=80=94 which = we found,=20 derived from untutored custom, abiding in unperverted = churches; =E2=80=94 a=20 word for which the arguments are strong, and which = contributes in no=20 small degree to the completeness of the force of the = mystery?

    St. Augustine=E2=80=99s Letter to Generosus (full=20 text)

    [I,1] Since you were pleased to acquaint us with the = letter sent=20 to you by a Donatist presbyter, although, with the spirit of = a true=20 Catholic, you regarded it with contempt, nevertheless, to = aid you in=20 seeking his welfare if his folly be not incurable, we beg = you to=20 forward to him the following reply. He wrote that an angel = had=20 enjoined him to declare to you the episcopal succession of = the=20 Christianity of your town; to you, who in truth hold the=20 Christianity not of your own town only, nor of Africa only, = but of=20 the whole world, the Christianity which has been published, = and is=20 now published to all nations. This proves that they think it = a small=20 matter that they themselves are not ashamed of being cut = off, and=20 are taking no measures, while they may, to be engrafted = anew; they=20 are not content unless they do their utmost to cut others = off, and=20 bring them to share their own fate, as withered branches fit = for the=20 flames. Wherefore, even if you had yourself been visited by = that=20 angel whom he affirms to have appeared to him=E2=80=94a = statement which we=20 regard as a cunning fiction; and if the angel had said to = you the=20 very words which he, on the warrant of the alleged command, = repeated=20 to you=E2=80=94even in that case it would have been your = duty to remember=20 the words of the apostle: "Though we, or an angel from = heaven,=20 preach any other gospel unto you than that we have preached = unto=20 you, let him be accursed." For to you it was proclaimed by = the voice=20 of the Lord Jesus Christ Himself, that His "gospel shall be = preached=20 unto all nations, and then shall the end come." To you it = has=20 moreover been proclaimed by the writings of the prophets and = of the=20 apostles, that the promises were given to Abraham and to his = seed,=20 which is Christ? when God said unto him: "In thy seed shall = all=20 nations of the earth be blessed." Having then such promises, = if an=20 angel from heaven were to say to thee, "Let go the = Christianity of=20 the whole earth, and cling to the faction of Donatus, the = episcopal=20 succession of which is set forth in a letter of their bishop = in your=20 town," he ought to be accursed in your estimation; because = he would=20 be endeavouring to cut you off from the whole Church, and = thrust you=20 into a small party, and make you forfeit your interest in = the=20 promises of God.

    2. For if the lineal succession of bishops is to be taken = into=20 account, with how much more certainty and benefit to the = Church do=20 we reckon back till we reach Peter himself, to whom, as = bearing in a=20 figure the whole Church, the Lord said: "Upon this rock will = I build=20 my Church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against = it !" The=20 successor of Peter was Linus, and his successors in unbroken = continuity were these: =E2=80=94 Clement, Anacletus, = Evaristus, Alexander,=20 Sixtus, Telesphorus, Iginus, Anicetus, Pius, Soter, = Eleutherius,=20 Victor, Zephirinus, Calixtus, Urbanus, Pontianus, Antherus,=20 Fabianus, Cornelius, Lucius, Stephanus, Xystus, Dionysius, = Felix,=20 Eutychianus, Gaius, Marcellinus, Marcellus, Eusebius, = Miltiades,=20 Sylvester, Marcus, Julius, Liberius, Damasus, and Siricius, = whose=20 successor is the present Bishop Anastasius. In this order of = succession no Donatist bishop is found. But, reversing the = natural=20 course of things, the Donatists sent to Rome from Africa an = ordained=20 bishop, who, putting himself at the head of a few Africans = in the=20 great metropolis, gave some notoriety to the name of = "mountain men,"=20 or Cutzupits, by which they were known.

    St. Augustine=E2=80=99s Letter to Januarius (full=20 text)

    I desire you therefore, in the first place, to hold fast = this as=20 the fundamental principle in the present discussion, that = our Lord=20 Jesus Christ has appointed to us a "light yoke" and an "easy = burden," as He declares in the Gospel : in accordance with = which He=20 has bound His people under the new dispensation together in=20 fellowship by sacraments, which are in number very few, in=20 observance most easy, and in significance most excellent, as = baptism=20 solemnized in the name of the Trinity, the communion of His = body and=20 blood, and such other things as are prescribed in the = canonical=20 Scriptures, with the exception of those enactments which = were a yoke=20 of bondage to God's ancient people, suited to their state of = heart=20 and to the times of the prophets, and which are found in the = five=20 books of Moses. As to those other things which we hold on = the=20 authority, not of Scripture, but of tradition, and which are = observed throughout the whole world, it may be understood = that they=20 are held as approved and instituted either by the apostles=20 themselves, or by plenary Councils, whose authority in the = Church is=20 most useful, e.g. the annual commemoration, by special = solemnities,=20 of the Lord's passion, resurrection, and ascension, and of = the=20 descent of the Holy Spirit from heaven, and whatever else is = in like=20 manner observed by the whole Church wherever it has been=20 established.

    3. I think you may have heard me relate before, what I = will=20 nevertheless now mention. When my mother followed me to = Milan, she=20 found the Church there not fasting on Saturday. She began to = be=20 troubled, and to hesitate as to what she should do; upon = which I,=20 though not taking a personal interest then in such things, = applied=20 on her behalf to Ambrose, of most blessed memory, for his = advice. He=20 answered that he could not teach me anything but what he = himself=20 practised, because if he knew any better rule, he would = observe it=20 himself. When I supposed that he intended, on the ground of = his=20 authority alone, and without supporting it by any argument, = to=20 recommend us to give up fasting on Saturday, he followed me, = and=20 said: "When I visit Rome, I fast on Saturday; when I am = here, I do=20 not fast. On the same principle, do you observe the custom=20 prevailing in whatever Church you come to, if you desire = neither to=20 give offence by your conduct, nor to find cause of offence = in=20 another's." When I reported this to my mother, she accepted = it=20 gladly; and for myself, after frequently reconsidering his = decision,=20 I have always esteemed it as if I had received it by an = oracle from=20 heaven. For often have I perceived, with extreme sorrow, = many=20 disquietudes caused to weak brethren by the contentious = pertinacity=20 or superstitious vacillation of some who, in matters of this = kind,=20 which do not admit of final decision by the authority of = Holy=20 Scripture, or by the tradition of the universal Church or by = their=20 manifest good influence on manners raise questions, it may = be, from=20 some crotchet of their own, or from attachment to the custom = followed in one's own country, or from preference for that = which one=20 has seen abroad, supposing that wisdom is increased in = proportion to=20 the distance to which men travel from home, and agitate = these=20 questions with such keenness, that they think all is wrong = except=20 what they do themselves.

    St. Augustine, On Baptism (Against the = Donatists)

    [IV, 24, 32] And if any one seek for divine authority in = this=20 matter, though what is held by the whole Church, and that = not as=20 instituted by Councils, but as a matter of invariable = custom, is=20 rightly held to have been handed down by apostolical = authority.

    St. Vincent of Lerins, A Commonitory for the = Antiquity and=20 Universality of the Catholic Faith Against the Profane = Novelties of=20 All Heresies (full = text)

    I have often then inquired earnestly and attentively of = very many=20 men eminent for sanctity and learning, how and by what sure = and so=20 to speak universal rule I may be able to distinguish the = truth of=20 Catholic faith from the falsehood of heretical pravity; and = I have=20 always, and in almost every instance, received an answer to = this=20 effect: That whether I or any one else should wish to detect = the=20 frauds and avoid the snares of heretics as they rise, and to = continue sound and complete in the Catholic faith, we must, = the Lord=20 helping, fortify our own belief in two ways; first, by the = authority=20 of the Divine Law, and then, by the Tradition of the = Catholic=20 Church.

    But here some one perhaps will ask, Since the canon of = Scripture=20 is complete, and sufficient of itself for everything, and = more than=20 sufficient, what need is there to join with it the authority = of the=20 Church's interpretation? For this reason,=E2=80=94because, = owing to the=20 depth of Holy Scripture, all do not accept it in one and the = same=20 sense, but one understands its words in one way, another in = another;=20 so that it seems to be capable of as many interpretations as = there=20 are interpreters. For Novatian expounds it one way, = Sabellius=20 another, Donatus another, Arius, Eunomius, Macedonius, = another,=20 Photinus, Apollinaris, Priscillian, another, Iovinian, = Pelagius,=20 Celestius, another, lastly, Nestorius another. Therefore, it = is very=20 necessary, on account of so great intricacies of such = various error,=20 that the rule for the right understanding of the prophets = and=20 apostles should be framed in accordance with the standard of = Ecclesiastical and Catholic interpretation.

    Moreover, in the Catholic Church itself, all possible = care must=20 be taken, that we hold that faith which has been believed=20 everywhere, always, by all. For that is truly and in the = strictest=20 sense "Catholic," which, as the name itself and the reason = of the=20 thing declare, comprehends all universally. This rule we = shall=20 observe if we follow universality, antiquity, consent. We = shall=20 follow universality if we confess that one faith to be true, = which=20 the whole Church throughout the world confesses; antiquity, = if we in=20 no wise depart from those interpretations which it is = manifest were=20 notoriously held by our holy ancestors and fathers; consent, = in like=20 manner, if in antiquity itself we adhere to the consenting=20 definitions and determinations of all, or at the least of = almost all=20 priests and doctors.

    [III] WHAT then will a Catholic Christian do, if a small = portion=20 of the Church have cut itself off from the communion of the=20 universal faith? What, surely, but prefer the soundness of = the whole=20 body to the unsoundness of a pestilent and corrupt member? = What, if=20 some novel contagion seek to infect not merely an = insignificant=20 portion of the Church, but the whole? Then it will be his = care to=20 cleave to antiquity, which at this day cannot possibly be = seduced by=20 any fraud of novelty.

    But what, if in antiquity itself there be found error on = the part=20 of two or three men, or at any rate of a city or even of a = province?=20 Then it will be his care by all means, to prefer the = decrees, if=20 such there be, of an ancient General Council to the rashness = and=20 ignorance of a few. But what, if some error should spring up = on=20 which no such decree is found to bear? Then he must collate = and=20 consult and interrogate the opinions of the ancients, of = those,=20 namely, who, though living in divers times and places, yet=20 continuing in the communion and faith of the one Catholic = Church,=20 stand forth acknowledged and approved authorities: and = whatsoever he=20 shall ascertain to have been held, written, taught, not by = one or=20 two of these only, but by all, equally, with one consent, = openly,=20 frequently, persistently, that he must understand that he = himself=20 also is to believe without any doubt or hesitation.

    [VIII] St. Paul says, "As we said before, so say I now = again, If=20 any man preach any other Gospel to you than that ye have = received,=20 let him be accursed." He does not say, "If any man deliver = to you=20 another message than that you have received, let him be = blessed,=20 praised, welcomed,"=E2=80=94no; but "let him be accursed," = [anathema] i.e.,=20 separated, segregated, excluded, lest the dire contagion of = a single=20 sheep contaminate the guiltless flock of Christ by his = poisonous=20 intermixture with them.

    [IX] But, possibly, this warning was intended for the = Galatians=20 only. Be it so; then those other exhortations which follow = in the=20 same Epistle were intended for the Galatians only, such as, = "If we=20 live in the Spirit, let us also walk in the Spirit; let us = not be=20 desirous of vain glory, provoking one another, envying one = another,"=20 etc.; which alternative if it be absurd, and the injunctions = were=20 meant equally for all, then it follows, that as these = injunctions=20 which relate to morals, so those warnings which relate to = faith are=20 meant equally for all; and just as it is unlawful for all to = provoke=20 one another, or to envy one another, so, likewise, it is = unlawful=20 for all to receive any other Gospel than that which the = Catholic=20 Church preaches everywhere.

    Or perhaps the anathema pronounced on any one who should = preach=20 another Gospel than that which had been preached was meant = for those=20 times, not for the present. Then, also, the exhortation, = "Walk in=20 the Spirit and ye shall not fulfil the lust of the flesh," = was meant=20 for those times, not for the present. But if it be both = impious and=20 pernicious to believe this, then it follows necessarily, = that as=20 these injunctions are to be observed by all ages, so those = warnings=20 also which forbid alteration of the faith are warnings = intended for=20 all ages. To preach any doctrine therefore to Catholic = Christians=20 other than what they have received never was lawful, never = is=20 lawful, never will be lawful: and to anathematize those who = preach=20 anything other than what has once been received, always was = a duty,=20 always is a duty, always will be a duty.

    Which being the case, is there any one either so = audacious as to=20 preach any other doctrine than that which the Church = preaches, or so=20 inconstant as to receive any other doctrine than that which = he has=20 received from the Church? That elect vessel, that teacher of = the=20 Gentiles, that trumpet of the apostles, that preacher whose=20 commission was to the whole earth, that man who was caught = up to=20 heaven, cries and cries again in his Epistles to all, = always, in all=20 places, "If any man preach any new doctrine, let him be = accursed."=20 On the other hand, an ephemeral, moribund set of frogs, = fleas, and=20 flies, such as the Pelagians, call out in opposition, and = that to=20 Catholics, "Take our word, follow our lead, accept our = exposition,=20 condemn what you used to hold, hold what you used to = condemn, cast=20 aside the ancient faith, the institutes of your fathers, the = trusts=20 left for you by your ancestors and receive = instead,=E2=80=94what? I tremble=20 to utter it: for it is so full of arrogance and = self-conceit, that=20 it seems to me that not only to affirm it, but even to = refute it,=20 cannot be done without guilt in some sort.

    [XX] This being the case, he is the true and genuine = Catholic who=20 loves the truth of God, who loves the Church, who loves the = Body of=20 Christ, who esteems divine religion and the Catholic Faith = above=20 every thing, above the authority, above the regard, above = the=20 genius, above the eloquence, above the philosophy, of every = man=20 whatsoever; who sets light by all of these, and continuing = steadfast=20 and established in the faith, resolves that he will believe = that,=20 and that only, which he is sure the Catholic Church has held = universally and from ancient time; but that whatsoever new = and=20 unheard-of doctrine he shall find to have been furtively = introduced=20 by some one or another, besides that of all, or contrary to = that of=20 all the saints, this, he will under, stand, does not pertain = to=20 religion, but is permitted as a trial, being instructed = especially=20 by the words of the blessed Apostle Paul, who writes thus in = his=20 first Epistle to the Corinthians, " There must needs be = heresies,=20 that they who are approved may be made manifest among you:" = as=20 though he should say, This is the reason why the authors of = Heresies=20 are not forthwith rooted up by God, namely, that they who = are=20 approved may be made manifest that is, that it may be = apparent of=20 each individual, how tenacious and faithful and steadfast he = is in=20 his love of the Catholic faith.

     
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